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AP EURO

AP Euro Unit - E. 1 15 th – 17 th Centuries European Life I (1401-1700). Part 1: 15 th c. [12+X]. Part 2: 16 th c. [32+X]. Part 3: 17 th c. [28+X]. AP EURO. 15 th Century European Life (1401-1500). Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I)

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AP EURO

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  1. AP Euro Unit - E 1 15th – 17th Centuries European Life I (1401-1700) Part 1: 15thc. [12+X] Part 2: 16thc. [32+X] Part 3: 17thc. [28+X] AP EURO

  2. 15th Century European Life (1401-1500) • Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I) • Life drastically changed for all levels of society and all walks of life throughout this course. This is the first installment of how people lived from the 15th to 20th centuries. This component covers the 15th through the 17th centuries. • There are no section questions this year, but hopefully next year they will be included to ensure understanding of the information. • Key Ideas • Remember that we only cover the last half of the 15th century which means it is of lesser importance than the other centuries in this unit. • Life changed from a rural society to an urban one. The family which lived and worked together changed to one who became passing ships in the night. The poor were kept too busy making money to survive to get ahead. • Even education was kept for the upper and middle class levels of society. Middle class were much higher in income than we associate with it today, think bourgeoisie. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 12 0

  3. (Continued) Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I) • Some Fun Facts/Information [We are going to do these really fast!] • Most of the following pertain to English life. • 15th Century/Late Middle Ages Little Known Stuff • June Marriages • Yearly May bath. • Smelled pretty in June. • Flower bouquet to hide body odor. • Traditional bouquets and June weddings. • Hygiene • Big tub filled with hot water • a) Man of the house first. • b) Other sons and men. • c) Women. • d) Children. • e) Babies last. • After all these people the water was almost like mud: Hence the saying, “Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water.” • Most people today would do this in the reverse order. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 11 0

  4. (Continued) Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I) • Some Fun Facts/Information (Continued) • 15th Century/Late Middle Ages Little Known Stuff (Continued) • Rich used Pewter Plates • High acidic foods caused lead to leach onto the food. • Lead poisoning deaths. • Tomatoes highly acidic. • 400 years or so, tomatoes considered poisonous. • Bread (Not sure of why or how divided) • Workers – Burnt bottom of the loaf. • Family – Middle portion. • Guests – top part. • Hence the saying, “Upper crust.” • Show of Status • Hung up bacon to show off to visitors. • Pork made visitors feel quite special. • Sign of wealth (lower classes): Hence the saying that a man could “Bring home the bacon.” • a) Cut off a little to share with guests. • b) Sat around and “Chewed the fat.” AP EURO European Life I PART 1 10 0

  5. (Continued) Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I) • Some Fun Facts/Information (Continued) • 15th Century/Late Middle Ages Little Known Stuff (Continued) • Rich used Lead Cups to Drink • Ale/Whiskey/Wine/Mead. • Lead poisoning deaths. • a) Lead and alcohol knocked imbibers out for days. • b) Mistaken for dead on occasion. • c) Laid out on kitchen table for couple of days. • d) Family would watch while eating for signs of life. • e) Hence the custom of holding a “wake.” • Graveyards • Ran out of room. • Dug up coffins and moved bodies (Poltergeistflashback). • Bones moved to a “bone-house.” • Reused graves. • Buried some people alive. • a) 1/25 coffins found with scratch marked on inside. • b) Tied string from wrist of corpse to a bell. • c) Sat near bell in the graveyard all night: Hence the sayings: “graveyard shift,” “Saved by the bell” and “Dead ringer.” AP EURO European Life I PART 1 09 0

  6. (Continued) Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL I) • Some Fun Facts/Information (Continued) • 15th Century/Late Middle Ages Little Known Stuff (Continued) • Roofs/Ceilings of the Poor • Thatched roofs of piled high thick straw. • No wood underneath. • Small creatures lived in the roof: (bugs, mice, cats and dogs). • Rain made roof slippery. • Animals would slip and off the roof: Hence the saying “It’s raining cats and dogs.” • Rich used Canopy Beds to protect them from falling things from even their better but not perfect roofs. Seen as a social status symbol. No practical use today. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 08 0

  7. Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (1401-1500) [START NOTES] • Social Structure • Feudalism dominated most of Europe. • Not true in Italian City States. • Distinct Social Divisions. (Three Estates) • Clergy. • Aristocracy. • Everyone else. • Family • Marriage Ages • Men mid-late 20s. • Women less than 20. • Church • Encouraged cult of paternal care. • Church marriage regulations not observed by many. • Manners shaped men to please women. • Relative sexual and decision making equality. • Nuclear Family (Not extended). • Divorce nonexistent. • Marriages arranged for economic reasons. • Prostitution in Urban Areas. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 07 0

  8. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Social Structure (Continued) • Women (Non-Upper Class) • Status of upper-class better than in next two centuries. • Women worked as hard as men (equal status to men). • Spun wool. • Cooked. • Cleaned. • Washed clothes. • Baked bread. • Milked cows. • Fed animals. • Brewed beer. • Collected firewood. • Looked after children. • Children • Noble families. • Not raised by parents. • Very young nurses raised noble children. Do NOT need to copy ALL of these AP EURO European Life I PART 1 06 0

  9. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Social Structure (Continued) • Children (Continued) • Noble families. (Continued) • Boys. • a) At 7 sent to another noble household. • b) Pages wait on lords and ladies. • c) Learned to fight. • d) Limited education. • e) Married at 14. • f) 14 squire. • g) 21 knight. • Girls. • a) Skills to run a household. • b) Married as young as 12. • Childhood ended early for children. • Parents normally arranged marriages. • Poor families. • More choice in marriage partner. • 7 or 8 helped parents - simple jobs. • Earned a living as soon as they were able. • Most died before adulthood. (Both Rich and Poor) AP EURO European Life I PART 1 05 0

  10. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Education • Rich • Females – at home. • Boys – Church schools. • Poor • None – except skills handed down generation to generation. • Name usually matched skill (Carpenter, etc. John the Carpenter). • Housing • Well to do Person’s House in the Late Middle Ages. • Dominated by a Great Hall. • Extended all the way up to the roof of the building. • House staff sleeping area at night. • Designed for defense rather than comfort (except in Italian City States). • Floors • Wealthy other than dirt (Slate). • Saying: “Dirt poor.” • Off topic: The U.S. White House had a dirt floor during Jackson’s inaugural. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 04 0

  11. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Housing (Continued) • Well to do Person’s House… (Continued) • Floors (Continued) • Spread thresh (straw) on slate to help keep footing. • a) Thresh blew outside. • b) Wood placed in the entranceway. Hence the saying, “Thresh hold.” • Roofs • Thatched. • Wood underneath (lumber expensive) • Few of the rich could afford glass windows. • Poor • Hut • Dirt floor. • No windows. • One room for everything. • Animals inside hut. • Dog. • Chickens. • Pig (if well off) • Only place to keep and protect them. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 03 0

  12. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Health/Nutrition • No one (Rich or Poor) really healthy. • Poor. • Malnutrition. • Poor harvests led to sickness/death. • Plague loss of 33-50% of population. • Bread main staple. • Mainly vegetables and gruel made from grain. • Almost NO MEAT. • Meals. • Wood bowls/fingers. • Big kettle hung over the fire. • Added things to the pot daily. • Stew main meal, leftovers base for next day’s stew. Hence the rhyme, “Peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old.” • Rich • Meats/stews/pies primarily. • Baked items. • Few vegetables. • Spices, salt, pepper. • Pewter plates and mugs. • Knives and fork (2,3,4 prongs). • Kitchens (usually outside main buildings due to fire). AP EURO European Life I PART 1 02 0

  13. Life in the Late Middle Ages: 15thc. European Life (Continued) • Religion • Dominated by Catholic Church. • Unsuccessful calls for reform by Wycliffe and Hus. • Some persecution of witches. (Witch hunts in next century – 16th. • Slavery • Few Africans lived in Europe. • What slavery there was not ethnically determined. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 01 0

  14. 15th – 17th CENTURIES EUROPEAN LIFE I • (1401-1700) • TBD • PART 1 • Comprehension Questions AP EURO European Life I PART 1 00 0

  15. TBD? • v. • w. • x. • y. • z. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 00 0

  16. TBD? • A: v. • B: w. • C: x. • D: y. • E: z. AP EURO European Life I PART 1 00 0

  17. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) [Remember Mainly England] • Social Structure (England) • Hierarchical society. • Everybody know his or her place. • Male and female. • Defer to his/her superiors. • England agricultural society. • 4 million people. • Most in small villages. • Living from farming. • Towns grew larger/more important. • Trade and industry grew rapidly. • Commercial growth. • Mining flourished. • Coal. • Tin. • Lead. • Iron industry grew. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 32 0

  18. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Classes. • Class Disparity. • Upper class and middle class. • a) Big rise in standard of living. • b) Homes became more comfortable. • Nobility. a) At the top. b) Owned huge amounts of land. • Gentry. a) Large land owners and rich merchants. b) Usually educated. c) Family coat of arms. d) Gentlemen never did any manual work. e) Beneath their dignity. • Yeomen and craftsmen. • Owned their own land. • Could be as wealthy as gentlemen. • Worked alongside their men. • Often able to read and write. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 31 0

  19. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Classes. (Continued) • Tenant farmers. • Lowest sector of society. • a) Wage laborers. • b) Worse off. • c) Inflation. • i)Mid-century. • ii) Prices rose steeply. • iii) Wages rose. iv) Real earnings fell. v) Lowest point in 1597. vi) 1594-97 famine. • Leased their land from the rich. • Also wage laborers. • Often illiterate. • Very poor. • Poor isolated parts of England starved. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 30 0

  20. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Family changed little from 15th century. • Nuclear family. • Poor unable to support extended families. • Extended families a) Wealthier people. b) Some landowning peasants. • Marriage. • Based on economic considerations; not love. • Dowries were extremely important in wealthy families. • Ages a) Women < 20. b) Men mid-late 20s. c) All social group tended to marry earlier. d) Middle class/poor marry earlier or not at all. e) In Italy, the age gap between husbands and wives was much larger than in Northern Europe. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 29 0

  21. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Family changed little from 15th century… • Marriage. (Continued) • Divorce a) Available in certain areas (still very limited). b) Big change from prior where divorce was non- existent. • Women to make themselves pleasing to the man. a) Castiglione. b) Only upper classes basically. • Sexual double-standard. a) Women to remain chaste until marriage. b) Men were permitted to “sow their wild oats.” • More prostitution than in 15th century and even then it was around and NOT uncommon. • Rape not considered a serious crime. • Increased infanticide and abandonment. • Mainly among the poor. • Increase of foundling hospitals. • 2/3 of abandoned babies were girls. • Low rate of illegitimate births • Dramatic population growth until 1650. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 28 0

  22. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Women. • Most women housewives. • kept very busy. • Wife's help running a farm or business indispensable. • Countryside households largely self-sufficient. • Upper Class. • Rich women not idle. • a) Big house. b) Organize and supervise the servants. c) Ran the estate. • Merchant's wife. a) Did accounts. b) Looked after the business in husband’s absence. c) left his business to his wife - because she would be able to run it. • A housewife. a) Assisted servants. d) Cured bacon. b) Bake family's bread. e) Salted meats. c) Brew beer. f) Made jellies/preserves. • Countryside housewife. a) Made candles. d) Wove cloth/linen. b) Made soap. e) Mended clothes. c) Spun wool. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 27 0

  23. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Women. (Continued) • Lower class. • Spun some cloth. • Seamstress. • Milliner. • Dyer. • Shoemaker. • Embroiderer. • Washerwoman. • Food preparer. • a) Brewer. • b) Baker. • c) Confectioner. • d) Sold foodstuffs in the streets. • Domestic servant common job for women. • Midwives. • Apothecaries. • Persecution of alleged witches. • Beginning of witchcraft as official RCC dogma in 1484. • Large number were older women. • Reasons for targeting women: Joan Kelly: Did Women have a Renaissance? (I think we touched on this last semester). AP EURO European Life I PART 2 26 0

  24. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Social Structure (England) (Continued) • Women. (Continued) • Farmer's wife. • Milked cows. • Fed animals. • Grew herbs & vegetables. • Kept bees. • Took goods to market. • Cooked. • Wash families clothes. • Cleaned house. • Some knowledge of medicine. • a) Treat her family's illnesses. • b) Go to a wise woman if necessary. • c) Only wealthy afford doctor. • More significant economic role in Northern Europe. • Status of women. • Lost some status compared to Middle Ages. • “Ornaments” to their husbands. • Important Renaissance noblewomen at court in education and culture. • Christine de Pizan. • Isabella d’Este in Mantua. • Artemesia Gentilleschi, famous “Judith” pictures. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 25 0

  25. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Marriage • Rich families marriages arranged. • Refused = beaten. • Until minds changed. • Sometimes as early as 12. • Poorer families more choice whom to marry. • Girls usually married young 15/16. • Boys 18 – 21. • Most women wives and/or mothers. • Life hard for spinsters. • Lived with relatives. • worked long hours. • Supported themselves. • Taught/trained to obey their fathers then husbands. • Contemporary Writers. • “Women and horses needed to be 'well governed’.” • “urged men to treat their wives gently” • Glass vessels that needed careful handling. • Women 'the weaker vessel’. • Did hard manual work. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 24 0

  26. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Marriage (Continued) • Married woman could not own property. • Everything belonged to her father prior to marriage. • To her husband while marriage. • To her son if widowed. • If murdered husband. • Guilty of petty treason. • High treason was of course an offence against the king. • Certain kinds of murder was petty treason. • Murder of a man by his wife. • Murder of a master by a servant. • Murder by a clergyman of his superior. • Somebody with lawful authority over them and were regarded as a form of treason. • Execution. • Punishment - burning • Usually strangled with a rope before burning. • Usually arranged, except for the poorest people. • Divorce unknown/Annulments occasionally. • Declared never been valid. • Legally girls married at 12+. • Only girls from rich families married young. • Majority of women married in their mid-20s. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 23 0

  27. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Childbirth • Dangerous. • Many women died 'in childbirth'. • Usually died after giving birth. • Midwives hands were dirty. • Unfortunate woman became infected. • Internal bleeding. • Changed some during Scientific Revolution next century (17th) and much more so later with the Medical Revolution. Birthrate. • Poor. • Birth about once every two years. • Breast-fed. • Reduced fertility window. • Rich. • Perhaps once a year. • Wet nurses to breastfeed. • Children (Life not much different than 15th century) • Most children did not go to school so were expected to work. • Helped parents by tasks like scaring birds when seeds sown. • All to obey parents and treat them with great respect. • Household tasks until age 7, then real work almost all. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 22 0

  28. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education • Most children did not go to school. • Boys educated for work at all social levels. • Rich. • Boys. • Tutor taught very rich at home. • Some/few attended schools. • Mainly taught the 3R’s plus Latin. • Girls. • Girls did not go to school. • Trained for marriage and running a household. • Upper class and middle class women highly educated. • a) Taught at home. • i) Music. • ii) Dancing. • iii) Needlework. • b) Rich - family tutor at home • i) Usually well read. v) Spanish. • ii) Multi-lingual. vi) Italian. • iii) Greek. vii) French. • iv)Latin. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 21 0

  29. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Rich. (Continued) • Girls. (Continued) • Middle class families. • a) Mother was teacher. • i) Reading. • ii) Writing. • iii) Arithmetic. • iv) Skills like sewing. • b) Tutor less likely. • Merchant daughters often taught to run father’s business. • Some women taught to read by husbands or parish priests. • Near end of century. (1570s) • a) Less time on academic subjects. • b) More skills like music and embroidery. • Even discipline at home was severe and strict. • a) Boys even at home severely disciplined by father AND mother. • b) Women/girls had less physical discipline than the boys. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 20 0

  30. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Poor. • Boys. • Early century many boys attended chantry schools. • a) Church run for poor by parish level donations. • b) Boys only. • 1540s religious changes closes chantry schools. • Might get 7-year apprenticeship learn a trade. • Some craftsmen could read and write. • Few laborers could read and write. • Girls. • Did not attend school. • Lower class girls not educated. • Kept at home by their parents to help with housework. • Sent out to work to bring money in for the family. • Increased access to education but still the exception than the rule. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 19 0

  31. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Schools. • Not many children went to school in Tudor times. • Mainly sons of wealthy/working families could afford attendance fee. • Parish schools. • a) Towns. • b) Local vicar was teacher. (Church member) • c) Read and write. • d) Boys only. • Nursery school called a 'petty school’. • a) Ages 4-7. • b) Shorter hours than Grammar School. • c) Poorer boys worked after shorter hours. • d) Learned to read. • Grammar School. • a) Ages 7-14. • b) Many rich men founded grammar schools. • c) Most stopped education at grammar level. • d) Taught Latin. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 18 0

  32. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Schools. (Continued) • School Day. • 6 am/summer 7 am/winter. (people went to bed early got up early) • Lunch 11 am to 1 pm. • Ended 5 pm. • 6 days a week. • Few holidays. • Few books. • Learning. • a) “Hornbook”. • b) Rote memorization. • c) Copying in Ink. • i) Alphabet. • ii) Lord’s Prayer. • iii) Reading and writing. • d) Not a real book. • e) Paper fixed to board. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 17 0

  33. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Schools. (Continued) • School Day. (Continued) • Discipline Severe at all levels. • a) Canings. • i) Hit with the birch twigs. • ii) Bare buttocks. • iii) 50 Strokes typical. • b) Many ditched to avoid beatings. • c) Wealthy families could afford a “whipping boy.” • i) Rich child naughty. • ii) Whipping boy received punishment. • d) Even Upper level discipline was severe. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 16 0

  34. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Education (Continued) • Schools. (Continued) • Upper level schools. • 15/16 brightest boys might go to university. • a) Oxford. • b) Cambridge. • Pupils spoke in Latin. • Taught. • a) Greek. • b) Religion. • c) Mathematics. • Henry VIII. • Many schools attached to monasteries suffered/shut. • Re-found many monastic schools, with crown’s money. • Kin's' schools all over Britain. • Edward VI. • Set up many free grammar schools. • Took in non-fee paying students. • The Debate on Women • “The Problem of Women” - Querelles des Femmes. • Women’s nature and their proper role in society. • Starting with Pizan in the 14th century. • Continued for six hundred years. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 15 0

  35. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Housing • Upper Class. • Grand houses – comfort. • Tile roofs (all in London due to the Great Fire). • Glass windows – small pieces held together by strips of lead (Lattice Windows). • Chimney (expensive). • Two stories over great hall. • Oak paneled walls (drafts). • Wallpaper (more expensive than paneling). • Tapestries/Painted cloth on walls. • Oak/heavy/massive furniture. • Four-poster beds/curtains. • Chairs. • Stools for children and servants. • Carpets for the most wealthy. • Mats of woven rushes/reeds with strewn sweet smelling herbs. • Beeswax candle lighting. • Wind-up clocks. • Pocket-watches. • Garden (mazes, fountains and topiary-hedges cut into shapes). • RR: Chamber pots. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 14 0

  36. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Housing (Continued) • Middle Class. • Half-timbered filled with bricks. • Roofs dependent upon income/status. • Plentiful furniture (inheritable). • Mattress stuffed with flock (rough wool). • Chairs. • Glass windows (move/rebuilt – took with you). • Sometimes had a chimney/becoming more common. • More rooms upstairs. • Rushes/reeds with sweet smelling herbs. • Animal fat (tallow) candles (unpleasant smell). • Pocket sundials. • Herb garden. • RR: Chamber pots/cess pool. • Lower Class. • Sturdy half-timbered. • Wood frame with wattle and daub (wickerwork and plaster). • Thatched roofs. • Stools/benches. • Windows covered with strips of linen soaked in linseed oil. • One story. • Straw over dirt floors. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 13 0

  37. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Housing (Continued) • Lower Class. (Continued) • Rush lights (rushes dipped in animal fat). • Time by arc of the sun. • Gardens to grow vegetables and some herbs. • RR: Cess pit. • Poor. • Simple huts. • One or tow rooms (occasionally three). • Smoke escaped through hole. • Thatched roof. • Earth Hearth. • Basic furniture. • Benches. • Stools. • Table. • Wooden chests. • Mattress (stuffed with straw or thistledown). • Slept on floor or on ropes strung across wooden frame. • No century improvements applied to poor. • RR: where-ever. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 12 0

  38. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Health/Nutrition • Much like 15th Century. (Record Differences) • Water too dirty to drink. • Ale (all) or wine (rich). • Beer (after mid-century). • Fish Day. • Certain days law eat fish not meat. • At first religious reasons. • Support the fishing industry. • Living near the sea/river ate fresh fish. • Herring. • Mackerel. • Dried or salted fish. • Food. • Bread. (quality dependent upon income) • Still staple of the poor. • Sweet foods desired. • New World Foods. • Turkey (1525). • Potato (1580s). • Tomatoes. (No longer thought poisonous) • Apricots. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 11 0

  39. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Health/Nutrition (Continued) • Rich. • Meat not vegetables. • Bread from fine white flour. • Sweet foods. • Sugar to sweeten food/and candies. • Breakfast: bread and cheese and onions. • Gold and silver plated dishes. • Pewter dishes/bowls (middle classes). • Silver or pewter spoons. • Poor. • One cooked meal a day. • Same gruel as before. • Wooden plates and bowls. • Wooden spoons. • Honey to sweeten food. • Restroom. • 1596. • Sir John Harrington. Hence the word: Go to the John. • Flushing lavatory with cistern. • Failed to catch on. • Chamber pots & cess pits. • Cleaned by men called gong farmers. • Toilet called a “Jakes”. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 10 0

  40. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Religion • Catholic Church (Roman Catholic Church – RCC). • Catholicism. • France. • Spain. • Italy. • Poland. • Eastern Europe to Greece. • Protestant Movements. • Lutheranism. • Calvinism. • Anabaptism. • Puritanism. • Methodism. • Anglican (Not really). • England and Northern Europe. • Reformations. • Protestant and Catholic Counter Reformation. • Religious reaction against RCC corruption and abuse. • Reflected profound changes within European society. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 09 0

  41. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Religion (Continued) • Reformations. (Continued) • Affected by. • The Printing Press. • Expansion of commerce. • Affected • Print culture. • Education. • Popular rituals. • Culture. • Role of women in society. • New style of art - the Baroque. • Literacy. • Explosive increase in literacy among laymen. • Luther and Calvin stressed education • Changing Customs. • Mixture of religious, traditional, and pagan practices. • Superstition common. • Belief in luck. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 08 0

  42. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Religion (Continued) • Reformations. (Continued) • Changing Customs. (Continued) • Magic and Religion believed closely intertwined. • P and C attempted to curb immoral/dangerous customs. • a) P – 3x baptizing dunks – for luck. • b) C – Banned 1666 Twirl Dance (girls tossed in air) • Festivals/Carnivals. • P – Fiercely objected (banned). • C – Continued. • Example: Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday). • a) Celebrated day before Ash Wednesday. • b) Advent of Lent ended fun. • Women. • Catholic. • a) Traditional view of inferiority. • b) No divorce for any reason. • c) Original sin (Eve). AP EURO European Life I PART 2 07 0

  43. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Religion (Continued) • Reformations. (Continued) • Women. (Continued • Catholic. (Continued) • d) Queen Mary (1553-1558). • i) Persecuted Protestants. • ii) Had 56 women executed (burned). • iii) Margaret Ward hanged helping priest escape from jail. • Protestant. • a) Seen more like Mary than Eve. • b) Abolished convents/nunneries. • c) Encouraged to read/study Bible. • d) Very active in Anabaptism (most martyrs women). • e) Still believed to subordination to husbands. • f) Calvin believed subservience absolutely necessary to maintain morality/order. • g) Not hold church offices/ministers. • h) Role strictly domestic. • i) More positive view of role than Catholicism. • j) Marriage a sacrament. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 06 0

  44. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Religion (Continued) • Reformations. (Continued) • Women. (Continued • Protestant. (Continued) • k) Could marry ministers. • l) Family foundation of religion NOT the church. • m) Divorce • i) Reluctantly allowed. • ii) Luther frequently argued against it. • n) Elizabeth I. • i) Persecuted Catholics. • ii) Anne Line hanged for harboring Priest. • iii) Margaret Clitheroe (same crime). • a) Refused to plead guilty/not guilty. • b) Trial could not proceed. • c) Board placed on her weights added. • d) Crushed to death. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 05 0

  45. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Witchcraft • Dramatic increase in European witch hunts. • Many historians believe due to general attitude towards woman at the time. • Accompanied religious wars. • Beliefs. • Supernatural forces constantly at work. • Some good. • Others worked for evil. • If God then also Satan. • Dangerous mixture of heresy and sorcery. • Magical power to perform evil through rituals and formulas. • Pact with the devil to deny God. • Power to cause. • Human illness. • Misfortune. • a) Failure of cow to give milk. • b) Bad weather. • c) Infertility. • d) Blindness. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 04 0

  46. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Witchcraft (Continued) • Beliefs. (Continued) • Power to cause. (Continued) • Misfortune. (Continued) • e) Impotence. • f) Death. • i) Animals. • ii) People. • Characteristics. • Primarily old women. • Some were men. • Practiced midwifery or folk medicine. • Pockmarked skin (many had smallpox so was not uncommon). • Typically aged. • Often bent over from arthritis. • Between ages fifty to seventy. • Most ill tempered/sharp tongued. • England. • Less so than on the Continent. • The Law Code of 1532 witchcraft a capital offense punishable by death. • Large number Witch trials starting end of 16th century AP EURO European Life I PART 2 03 0

  47. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Witchcraft (Continued) • Continent. • Catholics/Protestants too busy fighting with each other. • Periodic troubles. • Famines. • Inflation. • Social tension. • Accused witches as scapegoats. • Great Witch Hunt. • Originated with Pope Innocent VIII (r.1484-1492). • a) Believed witch cast spell upon him (impotence). • b) Commissioned two Dominican friars. • i) Jacob Sprenger/Heinrich Kramer. • ii) Professors of Theology. • iii) Order of Friars Preachers. • iv) Delegated as Inquisitors. • v) Wrote Malleus Malificarum, 1486 • a) First comprehensive written work on witchcraft and demonology. • b) Also called Hammer of Evil or Hammer of Witches. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 02 0

  48. 16thc. European Life (1501-1600) (Continued) • Witchcraft (Continued) • Continent. (Continued) • Great Witch Hunt. (Continued) • Issued Innocent’s Bull. • a) Gave credence to Witchcraft. • b) Authorized the hunting of them. • c) Gave RCC sanction/protection to witch hunters. • Where. • a) Majority in Holy Roman Empire. • b) Both Catholic and Protestant countries. • c) Other countries. • i) France close second. • ii) Bohemia. • iii) Poland. • iv) Switzerland. • v) Britain. (1000 executed 1559-1736) • vi) Scandinavia. • vii) Spain. • viii) Italy. • d) 50, 000 - 75,000 executed 16th/17th centuries. • e) Could be well over 1 million Continent wide. (Totalfor all centuries). • f) Torture used to secure confessions. AP EURO European Life I PART 2 01 0

  49. 15th – 17th CENTURIES EUROPEAN LIFE I • (1401-1700) • TBD • PART 2 • Comprehension Questions AP EURO European Life I PART 2 00 0

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