Today’s Bell Ringer

1. 19 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Some Vocabulary today Biome Ecosystem Organisms

2. 19 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer On the back of your ice breaker, please tell me the following: What do you like to be called? Your parent/guardian’s names Parent/guardian’s cell phone, home phone, and email What main area of study are you interested in?

3. 20 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer What is Science? What do you think science means or is about? How do you define it? - Write a few paragraphs that explain what you think.

4. Homework due – 21 Aug 2013: Two people who were important to developing the modern meaning of science were Karl Popper (1902 – 1994) and Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1996). Do a search for their work and thoughts on science, what it means, and how it should be done. There has been a lot written by them and about them. Use three references (you must cite the web page and author) to help you develop an understanding of what they thought. Your work should be about a 500 words or so, not including your literature citations. Citation Example. European Space Agency. 2008. ESA: Missions, Earth Observation: ENVISAT. [Online] Available from: http://envisat.esa.int/ [Accessed 3rd July 2008].

5. 21 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Practice writing a hypothesis. Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen.“ Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test, what's called a testable hypothesis. In other words, you need to be able to measure both "what you do" and "what will happen."

6. Hypothesis After having thoroughly researched your question, you should have some educated guess about how things work. This educated guess about the answer to your question is called the hypothesis. The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested in your experiment. Do this by expressing the hypothesis using your independent variable (the variable you change during your experiment) and your dependent variable (the variable you observe-changes in the dependent variable depend on changes in the independent variable). In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable."

7. If human weight is linked to what we drink and I drink G-Cola every day, then my weight will stay the same. If human weight is linked to what we drink and I drink G-Cola, water, orange juice, and vegetable juice every day, each for a week, then my weight will change the least with water.

8. H1 (hypothesis) If human weight is linked to what we drink and I drink G-Cola, water, orange juice, and vegetable juice every day, each for a week, then my weight will change the least with water. Ho (null hypothesis – retains the status quo) There will be no change in human weight between the different drinks.

9. 22 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words (they are not in your vocab packet): Truth Verification Falsification Proof

10. 26 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these two words and give three examples of each. Qualitative Quantitative Define: Inference Experimental design

11. KEY CONCEPTScience is a way of thinking, questioning, and gathering evidence.

12. Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. • Scientists record observations as data. • Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to a question. • Scientists make careful and systematic observations. • Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data.

13. Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses. • Observational studies allow scientists to describe a phenomenon.

14. Experimentals allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon.

15. Experimental studies allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon. • Dependent variables are observed and measured. • Independent variables are manipulated. • Constants are conditions that are kept the same.

16. A theory explains a wide range of observations. • Theories explain a wide range of observations and experimental results. • A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence. • Theories can change based on new evidence, that is why we do not have laws in biology.

17. 26 August 2013 If you were going to develop a scientific study, how would you develop a report that outlined your work? Work individually to think about the components of a research paper. Once you have developed an outline of the major sections, explain the importance of each part.

18. 27 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words Bias – Control – Why are experiments repeated? –

19. 28 August 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words – WITHOUT USING YOUR GLOSSERY OR ANY OTHER RESOURCE Control – Qualitative – Inference – Pseudoscience –

20. 3 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words – (you should already know their meanings) Atom (what are the three parts) – Element – Compound – Molecule – Ion – Ionic bond – Covalent bond – Atomic formula – first electron ring around the nucleus can only contain two electron while the second and third orbitals can contain up to eight electrons

21. 4 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words: Cohesion – Adhesion – Hydrogen bond – Water adhesion Mercury cohesion

22. 5 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words: Solution – Solvent – Solute – Mixture – combination of items that can be physically separated pH – Acid – Base –

23. 5 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words: Solution – Solvent – Solute –

24. To turn in today • Why did the 20 grams of NaHCO3 not fully dissolve in water? • Why did the Hershey’s cocoa not mix with the H2O? • what compound would mix better with it and why? • 3) The white and yellow beads were an example of a heterogeneous • mixture. Can you think of anything else you can mix together • that is a mixture, something that does not actually dissolve in a • solute, forming a solution? • 4) What did you learn about pH? • 5) What are the pH readings for the five test wells? • D1 – D2 – D3 – D4 – D5 – D 6 • 6) Why did the colored liquids not mix? EXTRA Credit

25. 6 September 2013 • Bell Ringer – Copy this down in your notebook • Water is a simple molecule, yet it’s most • vital to all living things. It has the highest • specific heat of everyday • substances. Unique properties • of water enable it to carry out • functions that no other substances • can. In a neutral aqueous solution, • five molecules of water are bonded • together by weak hydrogen bonds. • Furthermore, due to the electronegativity of oxygen, water is a polar molecule. Due to its polarity, water is classified as the universal solvent.

26. LAB 3 – COHESION - ADHESION • 1. Label the diagram of water below. Make sure you label the oxygen, hydrogen atoms as well as the partial charges which creates water’s polarity. • 2. What causes polarity? • 3. Why does polarity allow water to be such a good solvent? • Design an experiment that would demonstrate the phenomenon of Adhesion. • Experiment: DEVELOP A HYPOTHSIS REGARDING THE NUMBER OF DROPS THAT CAN BE PLACED ON A PENNY USING SALT AND FRESH WATER. COUNT THE NO. OF DROPS. • 5. In groups of 2 or 3, pick up a penny and a cup of salt and fresh water. Count the number of drops you can put on a penny with each type liquid. • 6. Put a drop of fresh/salt water on some wax paper and then place a drop of soapy water on it. • Record what happens and explain why (write a paragraph over the weekend explaining it)

27. 9 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer A RECENT OBSERVATION BY DR. SPENCE – As I read answers to assignments, I am seeing too many students use very short answers. Answers to your questions should be well thought out, comprehensive, concise, and explain the concept. Define these words: Monomer – Polymer – Peptide bond – In your study guide, work on pages 15 and 16 – Use your textbook to help answer the questions.

30. Types of proteins: Enzymes, hormones, storage, transport (hemoglobin) contractile (muscle), protective (antibodies), membrane proteins, Structural, toxins (botulism, diphtheria)

32. How many foods can you name that contain:Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

33. 10 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer ----Subject area and vocabulary quiz Friday---- • Draw the following from your book or from the web: • Triglyceride showing all the hydrogens that are bonded to • the carbons (make 10 carbons) • Draw a carbohydrate with six (6) rings. Each ring has to have 5 carbons • and 1 oxygen. (You do not have to draw the hydrogens for these structures) • Draw a small protein with three (3) amino acids. Each amino acid • has to show two (2) carbons and one (1) nitrogen atoms. • Question: Why are plant lipids liquid and • animal lipids solid at room temperature?

34. Triglyceride

35. Carbohydrate o o

36. Protein – Amino Acids

37. Does this make sense? No, he needs some help, some activation energy to get the job done

39. 12 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Define these words from the textbook sections 2.4 and 2.5 Bond energy – Enzyme – Catalyst – Activation Energy –

40. Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. An important type of Protein are the Enzymes. They help facilitate chemical reactions – How much energy did it take to make the reaction occur?

43. Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein. The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function. Proteins & Enzymes play an important role in cell repair, immune defense, messengermolecules, cell structure, and storage.

44. 16 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer Make sure you understand the relationship between an Enzymes and the activation energy. Read pages 54, 55, and 56. Define: - Reactants (page 50) - Products (page 50) - Substrates Enzymes/catalysts – Although catalysts take part in chemical Reactions, catalysts are not considered to be either reactants or Products because catalysts are not changed or used up during a Reaction (top of page 55). In the Study Guide do pages 19 and 20.

45. 18 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer No Bell Ringer today. Review for the test.

46. 20 September 2013 Today’s Bell Ringer No Bell Ringer today. Work on potato enzyme lab, developing the Materials and Methods section for the write up. Your report MUST indicate that you did all aspects of the experiment, not just your groups’ part. M&M is a report that tells me how you did the work, with what equipment, what temperatures, what measurements, what parameters, in a well written narrative format. The Materials and Methods write up will be due on Friday ---last powerpoint slide for before the mid-terms.