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Population and Development

Population and Development. Critical Issues. Size of Population. 1. Congestion- assessing population pressure on resources 2. Adequate labor resources and human capital 3. Strong local market development and potential. Distribution of Population.

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Population and Development

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  1. Population and Development Critical Issues

  2. Size of Population • 1. Congestion- assessing population pressure on resources • 2. Adequate labor resources and human capital • 3. Strong local market development and potential

  3. Distribution of Population • Population is rarely distributed evenly in any region or state –Why? • Population reflects resource base, soil fertility and the urban pattern • Mountainous terrain or severe slope repels population • River valleys often draw high density of population as result of alluvial deposits and accessibility • Historical factors also explain the unevenness of population distributions

  4. Growth and Mobility of Population • Measured in two ways: • 1. Natural Change- excess of births over deaths where dramatic decreases in mortality and continued high fertility produce high rates of growth Example: Niger- 3.5% per annum • 2. Population Movement- such movement whether from outside region/nation or inside affects both sending and receiving areas • a. Movements may be permanent (Migration) • b. Movements may be temporary (Commuting or Circulation) • c. Forced movements- refugees fleeing military-political conflict or natural disasters- examples?

  5. Structure of Population • Refers to the Age and Sex Composition of a Population and is diagnosed with an Age-Sex Pyramid • Structure of Population has important implications for labor force size and productivity and raises as well the issue of the dependency burden

  6. Population Concepts • Over-population- exists whenever a reduction in the population size would enable a smaller population to earn a better living Symptoms: famine and out migration • Under-population- where people are so few that they cannot develop their resources effectively to better their conditions of life • Carrying capacity- population that can be supported by available resources

  7. Measures of Population • Population density- how much land in relation to population: Two types of density • Man-land or Arithmetic Density: number of persons/ area—often unrealistic because it assumes an even distribution of people • Physiological or Nutritional Density- number of persons/ cultivated area—more realistic • Example: Japan 15 percent of land is cultivated • Arithmetic density- 600 per sq mi • Physiological density- 4,000 per sq mi

  8. Measures of Population • Crude birth rate- Number of live births per 1K population • Fertility ratio- Number of children < 5 years per 1K women of child bearing age (15-44) • Crude death rate- Number of deaths per 1K population • Infant mortality rate- Number of deaths 0-1 years/ Per 1K live births • Dependency Ratio- Young (< 15 years) + Aged (> 65 years)/ Adult (15- 64 years)

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