Population Growth and Development

1. Population Growth and Development

2. Population Growth and Development • Introduction • Linkage between population growth and development • According to conservative estimates that by 2050 world population will increase to 11 billion form 6 billion. • 81 million are added annually to world population • Out of which 4 million each year born in the poor countries of Third World. • Asia and Africa account for 93% (69 million)

3. Population Growth and Development • Structure of World Population • It is uneven. Asia and Africa bags the lion’s share of (69 million annually) • Latin America and Asia are projected to grow by 70% and 80% • Third World will hold 88% of world population by 2050 as contrasted with 70% in 1950 and 82% in 1980. • Where as population living in former soviet union, Europe and North America has fallen dramatically from 17% to less than 12% of the total. • sources of increase – • fertility and migration. • Demographic transition.

4. Population Growth and Development • If population increases, then demand also increase for the basics of life such as food, water, clothing, shelter, education and health. • In 1972 there was 4 billion, out of which 70% was in LDC • I 1990 there was 5 billion, out of which 80% in LDC • In 2020 there will be 8 billion, out of which 90% in LDC • Urbanization

5. Population Growth and Development • Thomas Robert Malthus • Population increases in geometric terms 2,4,8,16,32,64 • Food resources increase in arithmetic increase 2,4,6,8,10,12 • He also argued that without restraint, the higher output and living standards, predicted by Adam Smith and other economists would be constrained. Unless there was restraint on the size of families, the outlook was gloomy. There would be famine, wars and pestilence until the situation is righted itself.

6. Population Growth and Development • Though Victorian England had population growth, it was not that impact due the fact that Victorian government made heavy investment in social capital (towns, cities, roads and houses) and industrial capital (factories and machinery) • Technological innovation and improved techniques in agriculture, especially American farmer who provided industrialized world with exports available, proved Malthus theory wrong. • Case for population growth: pro-natalist economists called people as much natural source as other factors of production. Therefore people are not hindrance in the growth. • US - huddled masses • Australia subsidized immigration

7. Population Growth and Development • Easter Boser up • She argues that population growth and increased pressure on national resources, notably land are decisive precondition for technological innovation and hence for productivity improvement in agriculture. • Further, she argues that increased population growth and increased population density acts as dynamic and development promoting factors. • Population pressures prompts farmers to adopt progressively more of land utilization • According her findings where population pressures did not occur, as in parts of Africa, productivity remained low.

8. Population Growth and Development • Julian Simon. • He too saw positive co-relationship between Economic Development and Population Growth. • He reached a conclusion that rate of growth in productivity is higher than population growth.

9. Population Growth and Development • John Cladwell- Australian Demographer – presented different perspectives. • Wealth flow • Solution: Mass Education

10. Population Growth and Development • Dependency Ratio • The size of population depends on three variables – birth rate, the death rate and migration • Death rates are falling due to the medical and dietary improvements and better living conditions. • Education and availability of contraceptives are also affecting the average size of family • Also employment which has reduced the period of fertility. • Population also results in an increase in the dependency ration, i-e, the ratio of dependant to working people • In LDC dependency ratio is around 40%

11. Population Growth and Development • Social attitude • One of the reason of the population growth is that children are seen a ‘form of security for old age’ • Provision of welfare can reduce people needs for children. • Population control • Contraceptive - Ordinary • Sterilization - India • Child infanticide - China

12. Population Growth and Development • Other perspective – Lappe Shurman. • Poverty and insecurity contributes towards high fertility level • They attribute poverty and population growth as a result of uneven distribution of power within household and society. • Bringing children into world can be seen as defensive mechanism against repressive power structure. • Aggregate socio-economic development, modernization and urbanization are not by themselves sufficient to bring about fertility decline. • Solution lies in empowering poor (political question) • They suggest, they be given better earning opportunities, primary health care service and old age care.

13. Population Growth and Development • Demand for children in Developing country According to Kuznets “the LDC’s are prolific because under their economic and social conditions large proportions of the population see their economic and social interests in more children as a supply of family labour ........... and as a matter of economic and social security........ in non protecting society.

14. Population Growth and Development • Education of girls can serve as some kind of check. • Consequences of Population Growth • Low living standard • Underdevelopment

15. Population Growth and Development • According to dependency theorist • The problem is not population but other issues • Population is a false issue deliberately created by dominant rich countries and their affiliated agencies and institutions to keep LDC’s in their underdeveloped conditions. • for many developing countries and regions population is in fact desirable. • Other issues • Underdevelopment. • World Resource Depletion and Environmental pollution. • Population distribution

16. Population Growth and Development • Subordination of women. • rigid socio-economic structures. • unfair distribution of resources • denial to have access to education and other productive assets.

17. Population Growth and Development • Seven negative consequences of population growth. • Economic growth • Poverty and inequality • Education • Health • food • Environment • International migration

18. Population Growth and Development • Policy approach • Stated can design policies in way influencing and controlling their population growth and distribution. • Promote equitable distribution of the benefits of global economic progress. • International assistance to overcome the problems of population growth.

19. Population Growth and Development • conclusion

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22. Population Growth and Development • conclusion

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24. Population Growth and Development • conclusion

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30. Population Growth and Development • conclusion

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