Energy Resources

1. Energy Resources

2. Energy The capacity to do work is known as energy. All living creatures whether plants, animals microbes, require energy to perform vital functions of their life. Earth is a vast storehouse of energy: e.g., Fossil fuels, wind, water and solar energy etc. Classification • Renewable and • Non-renewable energy sources

3. Energy Resources Renewable Energy Sources • Renewable sources of energy or flow sources, rely on natural energy • flows and sources in the environment and thus have the potential of being continually replenished so can be used indefinitely. • These include firewood, petroplants, animal dung, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc. Non-renewable Energy Sources • Non-renewable energy sources are available in limited amount and develop over a longer period. Because of indiscriminate use they are likely to be exhausted in the near future. • These include coal, mineral oil, natural gas, nuclear power, etc.

4. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources

5. Different Energy ResourcesSolar Energy: Ultimate source of energy • The energy obtained from sun in the form of radiations is known as solar energy. • Thermonuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen • Has the maximum potential of all the renewable sources of energy. • Can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of energy • Inexhaustible source of energy (Since sunlight is abundant)

6. Solar power The energy received by Earth from the sun in the form of radiation. Several ways to use the sun for power!

7. Solar cells to make electricity like your solar calculator does.

8. Solar water heater on a rooftop

9. SOLAR ENERGY Advantages It is free - it needs no fuel No pollution The operative maintenance is very low After storing used as electricity Disadvantages Low efficiency High Initial cost Lack of storage Lots of space can be unreliable unless you're in sunny climate.

10. Solar energy can be utilized in different ways Direct ways- • Direct heating, • conversion into electricity, • Solar cells : Photo Voltaic (PV) cells • Solar water heater • Solar furnaces Indirect ways- Biomass energy

11. Wind Energy • Winds are caused by movement of warm and cool air in upward-downwards direction. • Devices used for capturing the energy of winds are called windmills. • The amount of power that can be converted by a windmill depend on: • Area swept out by windmill blade. • Wind speed

12. A Wind Farm

14. Wind Power Scenario in India India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the other top four countries. As of 31 March 2014 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 21136.3 MW mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (7253 MW, largest plant in India), Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2976 MW), Karnataka (2113 MW), Rajasthan (2355 MW), Madhya Pradesh(386 MW), Andhra Pradesh (435 MW), Kerala (35.1 MW), Orissa (2MW),West Bengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW). Some important places are: Kachh, Okha, Tuticorin (TN) etc. It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by the end of 2014.  Wind power generates 1.6% of the country's power. Europe plan to generate 10% of its electricity from wind by 2025.

15. India-Wind Power

16. Advantages • Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. • Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. • The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. • Wind farms can be tourist attractions. • A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.

17. Disadvantages • The wind is not always predictable – • some days have no wind. • Suitable areas for wind farms are often near • the coast, where land is expensive. • Noisy. A wind generator makes a constant, • low, "swooshing" noise day and night. An entire wind farm makes quite a racket!and also create electro magnetic fields. • Can kill birds

18. Hydrothermal or hydropower • Electrical energy produced by falling water • Water stored behind the dam has a lot of potential energy, which can be converted to mechanical and electrical energy. • Falling water is used to drive turbines and generators. • 20 % of world electricity comes from hydropower. • Cost of generation is low, no pollution • Reservoir can provide water for irrigation • fishing

20. Advantages - Once the dam is built, the energy is free. -No waste or pollution produced. -Much more reliable than wind, or solar power. - Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. -Electricity can be generated constantly.

21. Disadvantages • The dams are very expensive to build. However, • many dams are also used for flood control or • irrigation, so building costs can be shared. • -Building a large dam will flood a very large area • upstream, causing problems for animals that • used to live there. • - Finding a suitable site can be difficult – • the impact on residents and the • environment may be unacceptable.

22. Disadvantage of hydropower • Huge displacement • High building cost • Tehri town • Effect ecosystem • Affects fish migration

23. Tidal Energy • The periodic rise and fall of water level of sea due to gravitational effect of sun and moon and earth is called tide. • Tides can be used to produce “Tidal power”. provides a very large source of energy. Disadvantages • Huge displacement • High building cost

24. Geothermal energy The energy produced by heat within the Earth.

25. Geothermal Energy • There is some places in the world where the surface temperature is sufficiently high to produce steam which is then used to drive turbines and generate electricity. • Geothermal energy is produced due to decay of radioactive thorium, uranium etc dispersed throughout the earth’s interior. • Manikaran Sahib.

26. Sometimes it is very close to the surface.

28. Geothermal Energy Advantages Disadvantages Highly local resource. Withdrawal of large amount of steam or water from a geothermal resources may affect the ecosystems. Noise pollution results from drilling operations in geothermal fields. • It has a very high efficiency. • Low initial cost. • Applications • Industries – For heating purposes. • Electricity generation.

29. Biomass Energy Fuels made from once living material

30. Biomass-based energy • The material contained in the bodies of plants and animals is called biomass. • Organic matter that can directly burnt as a fuel. • One of the most important renewable energy sources. • Biomass fuel is of three types:-Solid, liquid and gas. • Natural vegetation, animal waste, agricultural residues..etc.. • Wood and Biofuels • Combustion produces fewer pollutants

32. Biomass is the second most common form of renewable energy.

33. Advantages of biogas • Can be used for cooking purposes. • For lightning. • For operating small engines for pumping water. • Wastes can be used as excellent fertilizer. • Can be used for running machines like thresher, straw choppers etc. • As fuel for boilers, engines etc.

34. Problems with Renewable Energy • Solar: methods of collection, conversion, and storage of energy and high cost. • Wind: Appropriate wind speed, land use, impact on birds, etc. • Hydropower: High cost of dams, biodiversity affected, displacement of people, limited life • Hydrogen: Energy needed to make hydrogen first

35. Our Energy Needs • Transportation (24%) Private car, bikes and buses, rail, air • Industry (40%) • Domestic and commercial propose (30%) • Agriculture (6%)

36. Energy Consumption US population 4.6%--------- Energy consumption 24% India, China, Russia, Germany, Japan with 16% of population----- Energy consumption 3% Energy consumption per capita: US 100 units Danish 45 units Japanese 30 units India just 2 units 92% of energy used in US comes from non-renewable fossil fuels, release huge volume of emission. There ecological footprint is very high India, china want to be same

37. Fossil fuels • Remains of organisms that lived 200-500 million years ago • Finite in quantity, non-renewable • Are formed inside the earth crust through heat and compression of organic matter buried underneath. • Are of three types: Gaseous, natural gas Liquid petroleum Solid coal

38. Production and Consumption of Fossil Fuels in India

39. Global Consumption of Energy by Fuel

40. How much oil is left? • USA, USSR, and West Asian regions are major oil producing countries in the world. • OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) having 70% oil reserves. • Alone Saudi Arabia have 25% of oil reserve • About 1.4 to 2.1 trillion barrels, mostly in the Middle East • Current world demand is about 24 billion barrels per year and is rising rapidly. • Current new discoveries amount to just 12 billion barrels per year and this is declining! • World oil likely to peak before 2020, Middle East will peak later • Prices will then rocket

41. Coal • Anthracite, bituminous and lignite • Used for domestic cooking, industrial heating, and for production of electricity in thermal power plants. • About 5% of world coal found in India • Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Singrauli, and Godavari valley, and • Jharkhand, Orissa, west Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the coal states of India.

42. Coal • Huge coal deposits left (200 years) • Mining and use of coal very harmful to the environment • Air pollution • Carbon dioxide emissions (36%) • Radioactive particles released • Respiratory diseases

43. Natural Gas • Natural gas is mixture of methane, ethane propane and butane (200-300 years) Russia and Kazakhstan having 40% of gas LPG (propane and butane) Low cost, low pollution • Needs pipelines

44. Nuclear energy • Obtained through fission or fusion of radioactive materials, yielding large amount of energy. • The availability of uranium and other radioactive elements is limited. • There are many environmental and security concerns over the use of nuclear energy.

45. Problems with Nuclear Power • High cost of building and operating • Technical issues • Questionable safety • Deadly radioactive waste • Nuclear power plant as well nuclear weapons testing creates contaminated sites

47. Role of Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers to conserve natural resources. • Increases the frequency of natural disasters such as heavy rains, droughts, floods, landslides, soil erosion, pollution etc. are some of the effects of over-exploitation of natural resources. • For conservation of natural resources following efforts can be made at individual level: • Energy conservation: • Save electricity save coal; Switch off lights, fans &other electronic appliances when not in use. Do proper use of computer. • Ride bicycle whenever possible. • Use solar energy more and more on sunny days, which will cut down your LPG and electricity expenses. • Grow trees near the houses and get a cool breeze and shade .this will cut off your electricity charges on A/C and coolers. • Use always pressure cooker.

48. Forest conservation: • *use non-timber products. • *plant more trees and protect them. • *over grassing must be controlled. • *minimise the use of papers and fuel wood. • *avoid of executing developmental works like • dam,road and industrial constructions in forest areas. • Water conservation: • *Reduce: use minimum amount of water for all domestic purposes. • *check for water leaks in pipes and tiolets and repair them promptly. • * Reuse: reuse the soapy water, after washing clothes,for washing off the courtyards,drive ways, etc.., • Recycle: built rainwater harvesting system in your house. • Sewage/ Effluent Treatment. • Adopt efficient Watering Methods in agriculture.

49. Land/ soil conservation: • *grow different types of plants,herbs,trees and grass in your garden and open areas, which bind the soil and prevent erosion. • *don't use more fertilizer and pesticides. • *use nature manure to the crops. • *while constructing the house don't uproot the trees as far as possible. • *use mixed cropping, so that some specific soil nutrients will not get depleted. • Sustainable food: • *don't waste the food instead give it to someone before getting spoiled. • *cook only required amount of the food. • *store the food resources for the future use. • Mineral conservation: • We must go for bio mining where we use microbial organisms for mining purpose. • Mining waste treatment technology & rehabilitation for new vegetation • Enhanced oil recovery (EOR): This process must be implemented to extract oil by using bacteria. • Reducing the consumption of minerals. • Mining activities should me done under strict supervision of authorities

50. Save earth,save plants,go green.