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Caesar Inferences and Extensions

Caesar Inferences and Extensions. The Gallic War . Julius Caesar, Gerunds, Gerundives, Cum clauses, purpose cluases. Objectives. I can: Read a passage in unadapted Latin and understand the meaning Cite text evidence to support my understanding

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Caesar Inferences and Extensions

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  1. Caesar Inferences and Extensions

  2. The Gallic War Julius Caesar, Gerunds, Gerundives, Cum clauses, purpose cluases

  3. Objectives • I can: • Read a passage in unadapted Latin and understand the meaning • Cite text evidence to support my understanding • Make cultural inferences and comparisons based on my translation of the Latin • Analyze the style used by Julius Caesar to impact his audience

  4. Grammar Objectives • I can: • Recognize a subjunctive purpose clause and translate appropriately in context • Recognize a gerund or gerundive in context and translate appropriately • Recognize and appropriately translate the four types of cum clauses using the correct definition of the word cum

  5. Grammar Objectives • I can: • Recognize and form subjunctives verbs in all four tenses • Choose the correct tense of subjunctive to show when the subordinate verb happens in relation to the main verb • Translate the subordinate subjunctive verb to show the correct time relative to the main verb

  6. Passage One: Introduction to the Gallic War

  7. Gallia estomnisdivisa in partestres, quarumunamincoluntBelgae, aliamAquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galliappellantur. • Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. GallosabAquitanisGarumnaflumen, a BelgisMatrona et Sequanadividit.

  8. HorumomniumfortissimisuntBelgae, propterea quod a cultuatquehumanitateprovinciaelongissimeabsunt, minimeque ad eosmercatoressaepecommeantatqueea quae ad effeminandosanimos pertinent important, proximiquesuntGermanis, qui trans Rhenumincolunt, quibuscumcontinenter bellum gerunt.

  9. Qua de causaHelvetiiquoquereliquosGallosvirtutepraecedunt, quod ferecotidianisproeliis cum Germaniscontendunt, cum autsuisfinibuseosprohibentautipsi in eorumfinibus bellum gerunt.

  10. Eorumuna, pars, quam Gallosobtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumineRhodano, contineturGarumnaflumine, Oceano, finibusBelgarum, attingitetiamabSequanis et HelvetiisflumenRhenum, vergit ad septentriones.

  11. Belgaeab extremis Galliaefinibusoriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorempartemfluminisRheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientemsolem.

  12. Aquitania a Garumnaflumine ad Pyrenaeosmontes et eampartemOceani quae est ad Hispaniampertinet; spectat inter occasumsolis et septentriones.

  13. Extensions and Inferences • 1. Why would Caesar begin his commentaries with a geographical and ethnological explanation of the condition of Gaul? • 2. What does the reader learn about Gaul from this introduction? • 3. How might this introduction influence how Caesar and his mission are perceived by the reader? Explain your answer. • 4. Identify any rhetorical techniques Caesar employed and their probable intended effect.

  14. PassageTwo: Orgetorix

  15. ApudHelvetioslongenobilissimusfuit et ditissimusOrgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisoneconsulibusregnicupiditateinductusconiurationemnobilitatisfecit et civitatipersuasitut de finibussuis cum omnibus copiisexirent: perfacileesse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totiusGalliaeimperiopotiri.

  16. Id hoc faciliusiispersuasit, quod undique loci naturaHelvetiicontinentur: una ex parte flumineRhenolatissimoatque altissimo, qui agrumHelvetium a Germanisdividit; altera ex parte monteIura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertialacuLemanno et flumineRhodano, qui provinciamnostramabHelvetiisdividit.

  17. His rebus fiebatut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferrepossent; qua ex parte hominesbellandicupidimagnodoloreadficiebantur.

  18. Pro multitudineautemhominum et pro gloria belli atquefortitudinisangustos se fines haberearbitrabantur, qui in longitudinemmiliapassuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

  19. Extension and Inferences • 1. Describe the portrait of Orgetorix which Caesar provides. • 2. Why would he describe the leader of the Helvetii in these terms? • 3. How would his description influence the reader’s perception of Caesar’s mission? • 4. Why does Caesar include the geographical description?

  20. 5. What is the overall impression he leaves for the reader regarding the character of the Helvetians? • 6. How would a Roman reader interpret the last sentence? Why? • 7. How would the last sentence possibly bias the reader’s interpretation? • 8. Identify any rhetorical techniques Caesar employed and their probable intended effects.

  21. Passage Three: A Tale of Two Rivals Pullo and Vorenus

  22. Erant in ealegionefortissimiviri, centuriones, qui primisordinibusappropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus. • Hi perpetuas inter se controversiashabebant, quinamanteferretur, omnibusqueannis de locissummissimultatibuscontendebant

  23. Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitionespugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, " Vorene? autquem locum tuaeprobandaevirtutisexspectas ? • hic dies de nostriscontroversiisiudicabit."

  24. Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitionesquaque pars hostiumconfertissimaest visa irrumpit. • Ne Vorenusquidem tum sesevallocontinet, sedomniumveritusexistimationemsubsequitur.

  25. . MediocrispatiorelictoPullopilum in hostesimmittitatqueunum ex multitudineprocurrentemtraicit; quo percusso et exanimatohuncscutisprotegunt, in hostemtelauniversiconiciuntnequedantregrediendifacultatem.

  26. TransfigiturscutumPulloni et verutum in balteodefigitur. • Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladiumeducereconantidextrammoraturmanum, impeditumquehostescircumsistunt. • SuccurritinimicusilliVorenus et laborantisubvenit

  27. Ad hunc se confestim a Pulloneomnismultitudoconvertit: illumverutoarbitranturoccisum. • Gladiocomminus rem geritVorenusatqueunointerfectoreliquospaulumpropellit; dumcupidiusinstat, in locum deiectusinferioremconcidit.

  28. HuicrursuscircumventofertsubsidiumPullo, atque ambo incolumescompluribusinterfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitionesrecipiunt.

  29. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamineutrumqueversavit, ut alter alteriinimicusauxiliosalutiqueesset, nequediiudicari posset, uterutrivirtuteanteferendusvideretur.

  30. Extensions and Inferences: A Tale of Two Rivals • 1. In this story, Caesar says the two men are competing for “primisordinibus”. What does this tell you about both men? • 2. Centurions were the backbone of the Roman army and were responsible for discipline and training to a large extent. Explain how Pullo’s action might have been interpretted by his troops, by the Roman reader, and by Caesar.

  31. 3. Which of the two centurions is most ambitious? Defend your position. • 4. Both centurions quickly find themselves in mortal peril. What led to these situtations? • 5. How do both centurions escape from deadly danger? What can you infer about the Roman army in general from this interaction? About these two men specifically? • 6. Do you think that day’s combat changed the relationship between those two men? Explain your opinion.

  32. 7. Often in interviews with soldiers returning from war, the emphasis they put on fighting for the soldiers around them is compelling. (Military commanders have long grasped that soldiers bond in a way unlike any other and exploit this relationship to convince soldiers to take actions civilians would find illogical) How do Pullo and Vorenus illustrate this concept? What does this say about soldiers today?

  33. 8. The Gallic Commentaries are about Caesar and his war in Gaul. Never once is he mentioned in this vignette. Why would he include this story? What does this story say about Caesar? • 9. Identify any rhetorical techniques Caesar employed and their probable intended effect.

  34. Research Writing • Research the position of primus pilus in the Roman army. Write a short essay evaluating Pullo and Vorenus for this position based on their story.

  35. Passage Four: The Battle with the Nervii

  36. …His rebus cum iteragminisnostriimpediretur, non omittendumsibiconsiliumNerviiexistimaverunt. • Loci naturaerathaec, quem locum nostricastrisdelegerant • Collis absummoaequaliterdeclivis ad flumenSabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

  37. Abeofluminepariacclivitatecollisnascebaturadversushuic et contrarius, passuscirciter CC infimusapertus, absuperiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsusperspici posset

  38. Intra eassilvashostes in occultosesecontinebant; in aperto loco secundumflumenpaucaestationesequitumvidebantur.

  39. Fluminiserataltitudopedumcircitertrium. • Caesar equitatupraemissosubsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoqueagminisaliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nerviosdetulerant

  40. Nam quod hostibusadpropinquabat, consuetudinesua Caesar VI legionesexpeditasducebat; post eastotiusexercitus impedimenta conlocarat; indeduaelegiones quae proximeconscriptaeeranttotumagmenclaudebantpraesidioqueimpedimentiserant.

  41. Equitesnostri cum funditoribussagittariisqueflumentransgressi cum hostiumequitatuproeliumcommiserunt.

  42. Cum se illiidentidem in silvis ad suosreciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetumfacerent, nequenostrilongius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] locaapertapertinebantcedentesinsequiauderent, interim legiones VI quae primaevenerant, operedimenso, castramunirecoeperunt.

  43. Ubi prima impedimenta nostriexercitusabiis qui in silvisabditilatebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eoscommittendiproeliiconvenerat, ut intra silvasaciemordinesqueconstituerantatqueipsiseseconfirmaverant, subito omnibus copiisprovolaveruntimpetumque in nostros equitesfecerunt.

  44. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibiliceleritate ad flumendecucurrerunt, utpaeneuno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibusnostris] hostesviderentur.

  45. Eademautemceleritateadversocolle ad nostra castraatqueeos qui in opereoccupatierantcontenderunt.

  46. Caesariomniauno tempore erant agenda: vexillumproponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad armaconcurrioporteret; signum tuba dandum; abopererevocandimilites; qui paulolongiusaggerispetendicausaprocesserantarcessendi; aciesinstruenda; militescohortandi; signumdandum.

  47. Quarumrerummagnampartemtemporisbrevitas et incursushostiumimpediebat.

  48. His difficultatibusduae res erantsubsidio, scientiaatqueususmilitum, quod superioribusproeliisexercitati quid fierioporteret non minus commode ipsisibipraescribere quam abaliisdoceripoterant, et quod aboperesingulisquelegionibussingulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitiscastrisvetuerat

  49. . Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatemhostiumnihiliamCaesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbanturadministrabant.

  50. Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandosmilites, quam [in] partemforsobtulit, decucurrit et ad legionemdecimamdevenit.

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