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Improving Education and Employment Among US Youth

Improving Education and Employment Among US Youth . Harry J. Holzer Georgetown University June 2013. Outline. Trends in Outcomes among US Youth Some Explanations Implications for Youth Programs and Policy . Trends in Outcomes. Secular Trends Up to 2007

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Improving Education and Employment Among US Youth

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  1. Improving Education and Employment Among US Youth Harry J. Holzer Georgetown University June 2013

  2. Outline • Trends in Outcomes among US Youth • Some Explanations • Implications for Youth Programs and Policy

  3. Trends in Outcomes • Secular Trends Up to 2007 • Effects of Great Recession: Since 2007 • Outcomes: Employment and Wages, Educational Attainment, Achievement, Social Behaviors

  4. Trends • For Young Women: Rising Enrollment and Employment • For Young Men: Enrollment Rising Less Rapidly, Employment Falling • Since Recession: Larger Increases in Enrollment, Declines in Employment • Additional Factors: Achievement, Marriage, Crime and Incarceration

  5. Explaining Trends • Structural Changes in Economy: Hurt the Less-Educated, esp. Young (Black) Men • Gaps in Achievement: Predict Future Education and Employment; Large Gaps by Race, F. Income • Falling Marriage, Rising Crime and Incarceration, – Related to Employment Trends • Policy Changes in 1990s: Women v. Men • Men: Barriers and Disincentives from Incarceration and Child Support • Recent Trends for Less-Educated White Men (Employment, Marriage) Similar to Those of Blacks

  6. Policy Implications Supply-Side: • Education and Training • Improving Labor Force Attachment: Expanding Earned Income Tax Credit • Reducing Barriers and Disincentives from Incarceration and Child Support Demand-Side: • Job Creation • Improving Job Quality

  7. Education and Training Programs Aimed at Youth: • Youth Development/Mentoring • In-School Youth: Reduce Dropping Out, Improve Achievement, Raise Postsecondary Attendance and Employment • Out-of-School Youth: Dropout Recovery: Achieve Secondary Degree, Raise Postsecondary and/or Employment • Youth Systems

  8. Positive Youth Development • At-Risk Adolescents: Youth Development, Mentoring (Big Brothers/Big Sisters, etc.) • Modest Costs, Modest Impacts, Some Fadeout

  9. Programs for In-School Youth • Reducing High School Dropout Rates: Individual Services, Whole School Reform (Talent Development, High Schools that Work, Small Schools of Choice) • High-Quality Career and Technical Education: Career Academies, Apprenticeships • Creating Multiple Pathways in High Schools, including those for those behind academically (OMPG in New York) • Access to Postsecondary: Dual Enrollments, AVID, Federal TRIO Programs

  10. Out-of-School Youth: Education, Training and Employment • Achieving Secondary Degree: National Guard Challenge • Access to Postsecondary: Gateways • Job Market Training and Experience: Job Corps, YouthBuild, Youth Service and Conservation Corps, Center for Employment and Training, Year Up • Public Service Employment: YIEPP

  11. Systems for Youth • Poor Neighborhoods: Youth Opportunities • Entire City: Philadelphia Youth Network

  12. A Few More Points • Crucial Issues at 2-Year and 4-Year Colleges: Community and Technical College: Raising Completion Rates and Responsiveness to Labor Market! • Better Remediation, Financial Aid, Career Counseling, and Institutional Incentives • Similar Issues at 4-Year Schools – Importance of Information to High-Achieving Low-Income Students!

  13. Improving Work Incentives: EITC • Low-Income Mothers with Children: EITC Raises Income and Labor Force Activity • Little for Childless Adults, Non-Custodial Parents • Proposals for Expanding to These Populations • Marriage Penalties? • Cost: Already $50-60B

  14. Reducing Effects of Incarceration and Child Support • Incarcerating Fewer People • For Ex-Offenders: Reducing Employment Barriers, Providing Transitional Jobs and Other Supports • For Non-Custodial Fathers: Reform Child Support Orders, Manage Arrears

  15. Job Creation and Job Quality • Job Creation for the Disadvantaged: Public Service Jobs, Subsidized Private Sector Experience, “Earn and Learn” Models • Raising Job Quality: Collective Bargaining and Higher Minimum Wages? Other Approaches…

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