UNIT 5

1. UNIT 5 Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Prefixes dys-, brady-, tachy- poly-, syn-

2. “C” Rule of Pronunciation • When followed by o, u, a, or a consonant, “c” is pronounced with a “k” sound: • coat, cut, cake, cluck • When followed by i, e, or y, “c” is pronounced with a soft “c” or “s” sound: • city, cereal, cycle

3. Hard “c” words: colon cardiac cocci coccus chlamydia candida Soft “c” words: cystocele bacilli cerebral encephalitis cyanosis cystectomy “C” Rule of Pronunciation

4. Disease-producing microorganisms curved rods cocci bacilli viruses other pathogens

5. Cocci:spherically shaped bacteria • Cocci growing in pairs = dipl/o/cocci • Cocci growing in twisted chains = strept/o/cocci (Streptococcus pyogenes) • Cocci growing in clusters = staphyl/o/cocci (Staphylococus aureus)

6. Bacilli:rod-shaped bacteria • Rod-shaped bacteria growing in pairs = dipl/o/bacilli • Rod-shaped bacteria growing in twisted chains = strept/o/bacilli

7. Singular/Plural • Bacterium = singular form • Bacteria = plural form • Coccus = singular form • Cocci = plural form • Bacillus = singular form • Bacilli = plural form

8. Staphyl/o • Greek for “a cluster of grapes” • Also refers to the palatine uvula • The “hangy-down” thing in the back of the mouth.

9. Py/o • The combining form used for words involving pus • a liquid inflammation product made up of cells (leukocytes), a thin fluid, and cellular debris

10. -rrhea • a suffix meaning flow or discharge: • diarrhea • pyorrhea • otorrhea • rhinorrhea

11. Ot/o • Greek word root meaning ear Tympan/o • Greek word root meaning eardrum

12. Prefixes: • a- not, lack of (before a consonant) • an- not, lack of (before a vowel) • brady- abnormally slow • dys- difficult, abnormal, poor, painful • tachy- abnormally fast

13. Audi/o • combining form for hearing Phon/o • combining form for voice or vocal sounds Phas/o • combining form for speech

14. Rhin/o • from the Greek word meaning nose-horn Lith/o • the combining form for calculus or stone Chol/e • the combining form for gall or bile

15. Pne/o • from the Greek word for breath -pnea • a suffix meaning breathing

16. Peps/o • from the Greek word for digestion

17. More prefixes: • hyper- more than or above • hypo- less than or below • micro- small • macro- large • syn- with or together • pro- before • poly- too much or too many

18. Sound made by “c” followed by an “o” • s • k • j • x

19. Sound made by “c” followed by an “i” • s • k • j • x

20. Plural for round-shaped bacteria • bacilli • bacillus • coccus • cocci

21. Prefix for double • tri- • diplo- • daplo- • ex-

22. Combining form for twisted chains • strep • strepto • stretp • strept

23. Combining form for uvula • staphylo • strepto • vulvo • uvul

24. Suffix for flow or discharge • -itis • -rrhagia • -pnea • -rrhea

25. Combining form for ear • audio • tympano • oto • oculo

26. Suffix for surgical repair • -acopy • -tomy • -ectomy • -plasty

27. Combining form for bile (gall) • chole • calcul • lith • bil

28. Singular for rod-shaped bacteria • bacilla • bacillus • coccus • bacterium

29. Combining form for pus • genic • gen/o • staphyl/o • py/o

30. Word root for nose • ot • rhin • nas/o • lith

31. Suffix meaning infestation • -iasis • -pathy • -lith • -oid

32. Suffix for breathing • -pne • -pneo • -pnea • -pepsia

33. Combining form for heat • tempero • thermal • thermo • Fahrenheit

34. Prefix for small • incro- • macro- • micro- • hypo-

35. Prefix for large • macro- • megaly- • micro- • poly-

36. Prefix for join together • inter- • intra- • osis- • syn-

37. Suffix for thirst • -hydro • -dipsia • -mania • -poly

38. Word root for finger or toe (digits) • acro • dactyl • digit • phalang

39. Prefix for many or much • poly- • olig- • hyper- • sub-