Fuel additives and their role in vehicle CO2 reduction

1. Fuel additives and their role in vehicle CO2 reduction John Bennett Afton Chemical Limited

2. Presentation outline • Afton Chemical • Market changes • Fuel additives

3. Afton Chemical

4. Annual sales now $1 billion 1,100 employees worldwide 1924 Present Afton today Formed in 1924 as the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation Newmarket Corporation formed in July 2004

5. Moscow Hamburg Sarnia Bracknell Brussels Bejing Vienna Paris Richmond Sauget Feluy Tokyo Dubai Port Arthur Mumbai Houston Singapore Sydney Rio Afton worldwide Manufacturing Plants R&D and Testing Facilities Sales Offices

6. Afton’s product focus • Industrial • Hydraulic • Slideway, Turbine • Metalworking • Grease • Industrial Gear • Engine Oils • Passenger Car Motor Oils • HD Diesel Oils • Medium Speed Diesel Oil • Viscosity Index Improvers • Components • Fuels • Gasoline Performance • Diesel Performance • Refinery Chemicals • Home Heating Oil • Driveline • ATF, CVT, DCT • Automotive Gear • Tractor

7. Market Changes

8. Current Fuel Changes in EU Gasoline. • Sulphur reduction • 10 ppm max from 1/1/2009 • Increasing ethanol • 10% max expected in next Fuels Directive • Separate grade? • 85% ethanol (E85) growth in some markets Diesel • Sulphur reduction • 10 ppm max from 1/1/2009 • Increasing biodiesel • EN590 to go 5% > 7% max during 2009 • 10% standard being developed in CEN Increasing biofuel use. Do biofuels affect fuel quality?

9. Vehicle changes Gasoline • Increased power density / downsizing • Turbocharging • Direct injection • Thermal management • Flex fuel vehicles Diesel • Increased power density / downsizing • Compound pressure charging • Direct injection common rail • All current Light Duty • Heavy Duty applications increasing Increased fuel stress (heat and pressure) Reduced tolerance to inadequate fuel quality

10. Fuel additives to ensure ‘Fit for Purpose’ and maintain performance

11. Additive controlled mineral / biofuel blend parameters Gasoline + ethanol • Corrosion inhibition* • Deposit control* • Lubricity / friction* • Stability Diesel + biodiesel • Oxidation Stability • Cold flow • Deposit control* • Demulsification • Antifoam • Corrosion inhibition • Lubricity (positive effect) • *examples to be shown

12. Gasoline + ethanol:effect of corrosion inhibitor on rusting. Base petrol. 100% rust. ‘E’ rating. Base petrol + 10% ethanol + 30 ppm Afton BioTECtM 9880 0% rust. ‘A’ rating. Note - Ethanol can cause corrosion throughout the fuel distribution system, so should be inhibited at source

13. Effect of ethanol corrosion inhibitor type on intake valve deposits Corrosion inhibitor choice can affect more than just corrosion; CI ‘Y’ = BioTECtM 9880

14. Intake valve and injector deposits with ethanol blends Base fuel + detergent Base fuel

15. Effect of ethanol on deposits and detergent treat rate. Ethanol affects detergent response

16. Effect of detergent treat rate on intake valve deposits for E85 high ethanol blends A = E85 using petrol with low detergent (U.S. LAC) B = E85 using petrol with high detergent. C = Entire E85 blend additised High blends of ethanol still require detergents Detergent type may change for high blend

17. High Speed Diesel Injection – Market penetration • Mid 1990’s - Direct Injection (DI) engines moving into passenger cars • 1997 - first commercial use of common rail injection in a diesel car. • 2004 – DI common rail almost universal in modern LD 8 million new diesel cars in Western Europe in 2007 – all HSDI

18. Peugeot XUD-9 performance with FAME FAME + additive = synergistic effect Base fuels Base fuels + additives XUD-9 engine. Only European Industry test for injector deposit up to April ‘08. Indirect Injection + rotary fuel injection pump.

19. High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) • Current EURO IV+ technologies are sensitive to injector fouling, but the mechanism and effect is different to older IDI engines • Higher temperatures & pressures • Small nozzle hole diameters / multiple nozzle holes • Increased control complexity • Multiple / pilot injection • Rate shaping • Effect of fouling • Full flow reduction => power loss • Spray pattern degraded => increased emissions • New industry test introduced with representative modern engine technology: CEC SG-F-098 DW-10 injector nozzle coking test.

20. DW-10 test. Engine, cycle, speed and load. • Peugeot 2.0 litre HDi engine with high- pressure common-rail injection system. • 72 hour overall test cycle duration, with • 32 hours engine running on test fuel. • Fuel performance measured as loss of power comparing finish to start.

21. Coking performance with fuel containing zinc. Base fuel + zinc + Afton detergent Base fuel + zinc

22. Coking performance with fuel containing 10% Biodiesel. Base fuel + B10 + Afton detergent Compare to zinc results Base fuel + B10

23. Fuel additives to improve base engine efficiency

24. Fuel consumption effects of ethanol plus a performance additive package. Effect of low heating value of ethanol

25. Estimated CO2 reduction for a fuel containing 10% bioethanol + performance additive.

26. Fuel additives to improve refinery efficiency Not discussed in this presentation • Cetane improvers • Cold flow improvers Both offer improved refinery and blending efficiency, and potential CO2 reductions

27. Conclusions • Fuel additives can reduce transport based CO2 • Facilitate wider use of renewable fuels • Improve engine and fuel efficiency. • Biofuels in fuel blends can affect base fuel performance and additive response. • Additives remove deposits and can reduce friction to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions. • Corrosion inhibiting additives reduce risk of fuel system attack from ethanol use. • Selection of additives must take into account any biofuels being used, and additive supplier should be consulted. • Afton additives give superb response in biofuel blends • Combining renewable fuels and additives can offer significantly improved ‘Well to Wheels’ CO2 emissions.

28. Thank you Dr. John Bennett Fuel Additives Technical Manager Afton Chemical Limited John.Bennett@ aftonchemical.com +44 1344 35 6588