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Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance

Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance. Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop Petron Mega Plaza Makati City, Metro Manila, Aug. 22, 2006. Yasunori TAKEI. Fuel & Lubricant committee. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Automobiles and the Environment. Global Environment.

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Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance

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  1. Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop Petron Mega Plaza Makati City, Metro Manila, Aug. 22, 2006 Yasunori TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

  2. Automobiles and the Environment Global Environment Urban Environment Clean Fuels Emissions VOC,NOx,PM CO2 Alternative Fuels Recycle Energy Security Economy Safety Convenience Bio Fuels Quality Fuels

  3. Gasoline Systems and Gasoline Quality

  4. Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia

  5. Technologies NOx HC Upstream Located Catalyst Cascade Catalyst HC Adsorption Catalyst Double Wall Exh. Manifold VVT Transient A/F Control Reduced Crevice Volume Improved Catalyst (High Cell Density etc.) Swirl Enhanced Increase Cat. Size,Pt-Loading NOx Catalyst Improvement Electronic Control EGR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cold emission Hot emission Current Level of TechnologyGasoline Engines

  6. TYPICAL SYSTEM EM g/km HC 1.0 Euro1 1O2S EM S<500 ppm TWC(13R) S<150 ppm EM OBD 2O2S 0.5 Euro2 TWC(13R) Euro3 EM S<50 ppm OBD 2O2S Euro4 CO NOx 3 2 1 0 0.5 1.0 S/C(7R) TWC(9R) Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Gasoline Passenger Cars

  7. Technology Trend for Low Emission • Key is to maximize the catalyst performance. • Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control • -Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.) • - improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.) • - Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.) • Quick warm-up of catalyst • -Small size warm-up catalyst • - Insulated exhaust manifold • - Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.) • 3. Improving catalyst performance itself • - High cell density catalyst • - High loading of precious metals

  8. Emission Chart of J-ULEV CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11mode

  9. Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance; • For air fuel ratio control • Distillation properties • Detergent(preventing deposits) • For quicker warm up of catalyst • Lowering sulfur • Metal Free • For keeping higher conversion efficiency • Lowering sulfur • Metal Free

  10. LEV1-LEV LEV1-LEV LEV1-LEV LEV1-LEV LEV2 ULEV LEV2 ULEV SULEV SULEV Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust Emissions 150 150 SULEV 100 SULEV 100 Relative THC Relative NOx 50 50 LEV,ULEV LEV,ULEV 0 0 -50 -50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sulfur(ppmw) Sulfur(ppmw) SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle SAE 2000-01-2019

  11. 2 (or 4) mil is Thickness 1mil=25um Density is number of cell per 1 inch2 Effects of increasing Cell Density of Catalyst on Emission Reduction Catalyst Capacity : 0.9L Aging Condition : 50k-mile equivalent quick aged on engine dyno. 0.3 0.2 Cold Bag NMHC, g/mile 0.1 0 4mil 400cpsi*1) 2mil 600cpsi 2mil 800cpsi 2mil 900cpsi (current) Cell Density SAE 2003-01-0817(Re-arrange) *1) Estimation from the figure in the paper

  12. 0.12 0.20 0.10 Reference LDV 100K Std 0.15 0.08 NMOG - g/mi NOx - g/mi 0.06 0.10 0.04 Clear 0.05 0.02 MMT 0.00 0.00 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Miles Miles 1.60 25 1.40 24 1.20 1.00 23 CO - g/mi mpg 0.80 22 0.60 0.40 21 0.20 0.00 20 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Miles Miles Effects of Metal (Mn) on Ex. Emissions Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)

  13. Impact of Metal (Mn) Impact of MMT on Tier 1/LEV Parts at 50,000 miles w/ MMT w/o MMT Catalysts from the Market Canada South Africa World Wide Fuel Charter 4th Edition (2006)、the 2002 AAM, AIAM, CVMA automaker study (6 years, US $8 million), OEM data

  14. Impact of Metal (Fe) OEM Data

  15. Effects of IVD on Emissions (*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit) 149 HC 100 100 50 0 CO 101 100 100 Relative Exhaust Emissions 50 0 127 NOx 100 100 50 Removal 0 of Rating '6' Rating '9 - 10' IVD (dirty) (Clean) OEM data

  16. Diesel Systems and Diesel Fuel Quality

  17. Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia

  18. TYPICAL SYSTEM HC g/km 1.0 VE EM Euro1 VE S<500 ppm EGR EM 0.5 OC Euro2 CR S<350 ppm EGR Euro3 EM Euro4 OC NOx CO 0 1.0 0.5 3 2 1 S<50 ppm CR 0.05 EGR EM 0.10 OC 0.15 PM Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Diesel Passenger Cars

  19. Diesel Emission Control Technologies

  20. Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems • For catalyst and EGR • Lowering sulfur • For reducing engine-out emissions • Increasing Cetane Lowering aromatics and T90 • For CR-DI systems • Metal Free Keep Lubricity Less impurities (Good house keeping)

  21. SOF Sulfate Fry Soot + H2O Sulfur Effects on PM from CR-DPF System 0.6 Japanese D13 Mode 0.5 0.4 PM , g/km 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Test Fuel D500 D100 D50 DK50 K50 K10 (Sulfur, ppm) (500) (100) (50) (50) (50) (10) JCAP data, 2002

  22. 30 Idling 20 10 0 0 Black Smoke (%) Black Smoke (%) 0 Free Acceleration Free Acceleration 30 20 10 0 With deposit With deposit Cleanup Cleanup Metals in Diesel Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits

  23. Worldwide Fuel Charter Lean NOx Technologies Sulfur Free Fuels 4 Markets with advanced requirements for emissions control 3 Quality upgrades Markets with stringent requirements for emissions control 2 Markets with no or minimal requirements for emissions control 1 Proposed 4th Edition

  24. Conclusions • Quality fuels are necessary to achieve lower emission. • Key properties for gasoline • Sulfur, Metal Free, Distillation Properties, Detergency • Key properties for diesel fuel • Sulfur, Metal Free, Lubricity, Impurities, Cetane, T90 • For bio fuels, adequate specification and quality control in the market is necessary. • Fuel monitoring system and good house keeping are also important to keep the quality at the pump. • WWFC 4th edition is coming soon. JAMA strongly recommends WWFC.

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