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“Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions”

“Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions”. Michael P. Walsh Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia Manila, May 22, 2006. ÖL. Why Are Fuels Important?. Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality

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“Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions”

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  1. “Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions” Michael P. Walsh Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia Manila, May 22, 2006

  2. ÖL Why Are Fuels Important? • Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions • Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality • Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology

  3. Motivation For Improved Fuels Qualities Environmental benefits Improvedfuel qualities Reducedemissions Improvedair quality • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Hydrocarbons (HC) • Nitrogen oxides (NOX) • Particulate matter (PM) • Sulfur (SO2) • Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) • Greenhouse Gases • Improved human health • Reduced corrosion • Improved crop yield • Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage • Climate Change • Gasoline – Lead/Sulfur • Diesel –Sulfur • Other Parameters

  4. Ambient Pb Concentrations in Bangkok and Pb in Gasoline from 1988 - 1998 Premium ULG was introduced in 1991 Regular ULG was introduced in 1993 Complete phase out of regular leaded gasoline in 1993 Complete phase out of premium leaded gasoline in 1995

  5. Percentage of School Children with Blood Pb Levels ≥10 mg/dl

  6. The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications • Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability • Integrated HC adsorption functions • Mounting materials with improved durability • High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates • Insulation schemes for heat management Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel!

  7. Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, 2004

  8. Status of Lead Free Gasoline in Asia 100% Lead Free

  9. Sulfur in Fuel is the Next Priority • Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles • SO2 From All Vehicles • PM From Diesel Vehicles • CO, HC, NOx, Toxics From All Catalyst Vehicles • Enables Advanced Technologies & Tight Standards For New Vehicles • Enables Retrofit Technologies To Clean Up Existing Vehicles

  10. The “Technology Enabling” Fuels Story in Europe-Introduction of Lower Sulphur Fuels - • Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to 2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to 500 ppm) in late 80’s largely driven by direct concerns over urban air quality (SO2) • Further move on Transport Diesel in early 90’s (2000 500 ppm largely seen as “enabling” step for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to meet 1996 emission standards • First European Auto Oil programme (93-96) indicates lower sulphur gasoline enhances catalyst performance: 2000 limit: 150ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm • Same programme indicated lower sulphur diesel contributes to lower particulates both directly and through enabling higher performance technology: 2000 limit: 350ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm • More recent concerns over growing CO2 contribution from road transport has driven move to “Ultra Low” sulphur gasoline and diesel to facilitate “high fuel efficiency”/“high environmental performance” transport :

  11. European Fuel Sulfur Levels (PPM) Widely Available In 2005; 100% In 2009

  12. The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications • Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability • Integrated HC adsorption functions • Mounting materials with improved durability • High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates • Insulation schemes for heat management Maximum Emissions Performance Is Achieved With Near Zero Sulfur Fuel

  13. Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

  14. Impact of Sulfur on Emissions From 5 Euro 3 Chinese Cars After 80,000 Kilometers

  15. The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other Emissions from 2000-2001 Model Year VehiclesCRC Project No. E-60 • Over the US06 cycle, statistically significant increases in NH3 emissions with increasing gasoline sulfur levels. Fleet average NH3 emissions for the 150 ppm fuel were 27% higher than those for the 5 ppm and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm fuel. • For the FTP, NOx emissions were higher at a statistically significant level for the 150 ppm fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur fuels. For fleet average NMHC, emissions were higher at statistically significant levels for the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel, although the magnitude of this fuel effect was small. • There was a statistically significant increase in N2O emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared to both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels on the FTP. • The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be statistically significant over the US06 cycle. The magnitude of the fuel sulfur effects over the US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be larger on a relative basis than those found for the FTP cycle. For fleet average CO emissions, only the fuel effects between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence limits.

  16. Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

  17. PM Filter Oxidation Catalyst

  18. Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Standards and Fuel Sulfur Levels 15 months Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack Trucks/Renault Navistar Consent Decree 10/02 EPA g/bhp-hr EURO g/kW-hr 10/05 10/08

  19. Metropolitan Tokyo in-Use Diesel Retrofit Program Measurement results indicate that Diesel PM levels have been significantly reduced. （By the Research Institute for Environmental Protection） Without With Weather influence Automobile tunnel Roadside Meguro St. roadside(By Prof. Uchiyama of Kyoto University) Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station Iogi Tunnel （Loop 8） （Emissions reduced per vehicle） Cancer- causing agents Up to - 58% Cancer-ausing agents - 36% Carbon (EC) - 30% Carbon (EC) - 49% Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct. 2000 (Left bar) Oct.- Nov. 2003(Right bar) Comparison of two two-day periods Mar. 11-12, 2001 (Left bars, black and yellow) Nov. 9-10, 2003 (Right bars, black and yellow) Comparison of two two-month periods Sept.-Oct. 2001 (Left bar) Sept.-Oct. 2003 (Right bar) （With cooperation from the Bureau of Construction）

  20. Impact of Fuels on Light Duty Diesel Vehicles

  21. Impact of Fuels on Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles

  22. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles

  23. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)

  24. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Motorcycles

  25. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Motorcycles Continued

  26. Conclusions • Reformulated diesel fuels can effectively reduce oxides of nitrogen and particulate emissions from all diesel vehicles. These fuels have reduced sulfur, reduced aromatics, and increased cetane number. • Certain Aftertreatment technologies are especially sensitive to the sulfur content of the fuel. • Gasoline properties that can be adjusted to reduce emissions include, roughly in order of effectiveness, sulfur level, vapor pressure, distillation characteristics, light olefin content, and aromatic content. • Catalyst technology is emerging for 2-3 wheeled vehicles and therefore lead free and lower sulfur gasoline will be important for these vehicles as well. • Monitoring programs are necessary to assure that specifications are achieved and to minimize or eliminate adulturation

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