Victim Surveys Part 2

1. Crime, Justice & Security Statistics Victim Surveys Part 2 Produced in Collaboration between World Bank Institute and the Development Data Group (DECDG)

2. How can the results be integrated with the data held by the police? • Calculate total victimization estimates • Share these results with police statisticians • Try to reconcile survey results with police figures: gross up survey results using household numbers.- • There will be divergences. Typically 5 times as much crime takes place as is reported. • If the divergence is much more than this, then police recording systems may need to be changed or questions asked differently in the surveys • CSO should publish results together in its annual social statistics publications, to encourage public discussion.

3. Mauritius - 2004 & 2007 Surveys and police data compared • The number of households that were victims of household burglary, including attempts, decreased from 16,200 in 2004 to 13,600 in 2007. • The number of households that were victims of vehicle theft, decreased from 13,500 in 2004 to 9,800 in 2007. • For personal theft, the number increased from 4,800 to 5,400. • The total number of offences reported at the police in 2007 was about 194,000, of which 72.1% were contraventions (mainly road traffic offences), 22.1% misdemeanors, 3.5% crimes punishable by penal servitude and/or a fine exceeding Rs5,000, and 2.3% drug related offences. • From 2006 to 2007, the number of offences reported at the police increased by about 3,500 or 1.9%; drug related offences increased by 15.9%, reported crimes by 15.6%, and misdemeanors by 10.2% while contraventions decreased by 1.4%.

4. South Africa • UNICRI Survey 1993: Institute for Security Studies in 2003. • http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/No101/Contents.html • Feelings of safety have declined markedly since 1998: • About a third personally know someone who makes a living from crime in their area • Few take additional measures to protect themselves or their property, • 23% of South Africans were victims of a crime in 2002-3 • 5.6% had been asked to pay a bribe in 2002-3. • Of every 100 burglaries, 60 are reported to the police and only 50 recorded by them; so official figures are underestimates.

5. Comparison of safety in various African Cities Crime in Dar Es Salaam, Results of a city victim survey, July 2000

6. Crime prevention in Dar Es Salaam, in 2000 Crime in Dar Es Salaam, Results of a city victim survey, July 2000

7. Examples of victim surveys • The next six slides are for reference and further reading: eg. • Victim surveys carried out in Mauritius, UK, Tanzania and South Africa • The International Victimization Survey carried out in around 39 countries • The UN guidelines on victim surveys • These references include examples of • questionnaires used, • methodology employed • results obtained from the victim surveys.

8. Victim survey - Mauritius • The Mauritius CSO carries out victim surveys by including questions on victimisation within their annual household survey, a stratified, two- stage cluster sample. • At the first stage, primary sampling units (PSUs) are selected from the PSU master sample with probability proportional to size. At the second stage of the sampling process, a fixed number of households are selected from each selected PSU. The number of households interviewed was 11,280 in 2007. • Results can be found on their CSO web site at http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/report/natacc/crime07/crime.pdf

9. Victim survey – UK • The British Crime Survey is carried out within the British Home Office: • In the year 2007-8 one individual aged 16+ was selected from each of 47,000 households • Methodology and results can be found at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/bcs1.html • The results are extensive and include: • Victimization suffered • Reasons for not reporting • Satisfaction with the police and justice agencies • Reported illegal drug-taking • Victimization numbers are compared with crimes reported to the police

10. Victim Survey - Tanzania • Surveys on Crime in various cities in East Africa are carried out by Safer Cities Tanzania within the Dar Es Salaam city authority • These surveys are part of wider programmes to improve the security situation for particularly young people in large cities in East Africa • Typically samples are drawn from records maintained by local city authorities • Results are published on the website http://www.unhabitat.org/list.asp?typeid=15&catid=375

11. Victim Survey South Africa • The Institute of Security Studies has carried out victim surveys in South African in the period up to 2003. • A survey of crime in Greater Pretoria in 1998 was published on their web site at: http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/PTAVICSURVEY/Ptavictim.html and http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/PTAVICSURVEY/Contents.html • This covered burglary, car theft, car hijacking, mugging and robbery, assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and murder • However, such surveys have not been carried out recently and the results are now out of date. More up to date surveys of crime against businesses are carried out privately: see http://allafrica.com/stories/201003040254.html

12. International Crime Victimization Survey • This survey is conducted about once every 5 years • Any country can participate but must pay for the survey itself • Around 30 countries participated in 2005 and results were also obtained from a further 33 cities. • Sample sizes of around 1,000-2,000 are recommended and a standard questionnaire is proposed • Key findings, including methodology, questionnaire and results from the latest 2005 survey can be found on a Dutch web site http://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/icvs-2005-survey.aspx?cp=45&cs=6798

13. UN Guidelines for victim surveys UNODC produced guidelines for victims surveys in 2009 and these can be found on their web site http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and- analysis/Manual-on-victim-surveys.html, They are examples of good practice from a body of expert statisticians, with considerable experience. The following areas are covered: • Methodological issues • Sampling • Content of the survey • Data collection and capture operations • Questionnaire design • Interviewing • Data processing and analysis • Data dissemination and documentation

14. Other victims who could be surveyed • It may also be of policy or operational interest to find out the victimisation of other groups than householders. • Examples of groups that could be sampled in a similar way are: • Tourists ( to know the extent to which criminals target visitors) • Commercial properties ( How much crime do Factories and shops experience) • Public sector premises (How much crime do hospitals and schools experience)

15. Telephone Surveys • Discussion has so far been about household interviews but in the developed world more use is now made of telephone surveys • These are cheaper to conduct but require good lists of telephone subscribers • One disadvantage is that the questionnaire has to be shorter • Another is that landline interviews are easier but many countries have low landline use • It has been shown there are very different results depending on the balance between land-line ownership and mobile ownership.