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1. To the MAPs Team's Presentation of: Sound Dr. M. H. Suckley & Mr. P. A. Klozik Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com Visit our Website: http://www.ScienceScene.com (The MAPs Co.)

2. The MAPs Team Meaningful Applications Of Physical Sciences Sound Presents: • Dr. Michael H. Suckley • Mr. Paul A. Klozik • Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com

3. Sound I. Naive Ideas Concerning Sound II. Sound Production – Constructing Sound Devices III. Building a Model Using the Characteristics Of Sound IV. Applying The Model of Sound

4. Sound I. Objectives - Naive Ideas Concerning Sound . . . . . 3 II. Sound Production – Constructing Sound Devices A. Viewing Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B. Clucking Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 C. Talking Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. The Film-A-Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 E. How Do We Hear? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 F. How Is Sound Produced?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 G. Extras – Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5. Sound III. Building a Model Using the Characteristics Of Sound A. How Does Sound Travel? 1. Does Sound Travel Through A Vacuum? (Demo). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2. Do Solids Conduct Sound Better Than Air? (Activity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3. Do Liquids Conduct Sound Better Than Air?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. The Speed of Sound In Various Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5. Extras - Transmitting Mediums? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 B. Illustrating the Model Of Sound 1. What is a Sound Wave? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. FUNdamentals of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. Using A Slinky to Investigate Sound a. What Causes High And Low Pitched Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 b. Changing Pitch And A Moving Sound Source? (Doppler Effect) . . . . . . 29 c. Constructive and Destructive Interference d. Loudness, Energy and Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4. Check Your Understanding of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5. Extras - The Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

6. Sound C. Resonance 1. One Vibrating Object Can Cause Another To Vibrate . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2. Resonating Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 IV. Applying The Model of Sound A. Speed of Sound in a Parking Lot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 B. Using Goldwave to Analyze Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 C. Determining the Frequency of An Known Sound(Tuning Fork) . . . . . . 50 D. Determining the Frequency of An Unknown Sound(Pan Flute) . . . . . . 51 E. Determining the Frequency of The Film-A-Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 F.Outstanding Demonstrations By Workshop Participants G. Extras - Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7. Acceptance of a New Concept A widely accepted way to explain how learners adopt new understandings of phenomena is presented in the Conceptual Change Model (CCM)*. There are two major components to the Conceptual Change Model. The first component are the conditions that need to be met in order for a person to adopt a new understanding. There are three conditions leading to the adoption of a new concept. A learner has to: (1) become dissatisfied with their existing conception, (2) find the new conception intelligible, (3) find the new conception plausible and fruitful. The second component of the CCM is described as the status of the new conception. A conception has status when it meets any of the aforementioned conditions; however, the more conditions that the new conception meets, the higher the status the new conception obtains, and hence, a higher probability of being adopted. References *Posner, G.J., K.A. Strike, P.W. Hewson, and W.A. Gertzog. 1982. Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change. Science Educa­tion 66: 211-27.

9. Thank You! We Had A Great Time

10. I. Objectives/Benchmarks 1. Describe the motion of vibrating objects. 2. Explain how mechanical waves transfer energy. 3. Explain how sound travels through differ media. 4. Explain how echoes occur and how they are used. 5. Relate characteristics of sound that we hear to properties of sound waves. 6. Explain how sound recording and reproducing devices work. 7. Describe sounds in terms of their properties. 8. Explain how sounds are made. 1

11. Naive Ideas Concerning Sound 1. Sounds can be produced without using any material objects. 2. Hitting objects harder changes the pitch of the sound produced. 3. Sound waves are transverse waves that travel the same as water and light waves. 4. Matter moves along with water waves as the waves move through a body of water. 5. When waves interact with a solid surface, the waves are destroyed. 6. Loudness and pitch of sounds is the same thing. 7. You can see and hear a distinct event at the same moment. 8. Sounds can travel through empty space (a vacuum). 9. The sound of a train whistle changes as the train moves by because the engineer purposely changes the pitch of sound. 10. In wind instruments, the instrument itself vibrates, not the internal air column. 11. In actual telephones (as opposed to tin can telephones) sounds, rather than electrical impulses, travel through the wires. 12. Noise pollution is annoying, but it is essentially harmless. 12

12. Viewing Sound Balloon Mirror Laser Laser Support 1

13. Clucking Chicken

14. Talking Strips Notice ridges on plastic strip. As the finger nail moves over the ridges the plastic strip vibrates in a pattern we recognize as words. You’re the Greatest Talking Strips http://www.ioa.com/~ladottofy/

15. The Film-A-Horn 6

16. The Film-A-Horn -- The Equipment 5

17. The Film-A-Horn -- Inserting the Tube 4

18. The Film-A-Horn -- TubeInserted 3

19. The Film-A-Horn – Pacing the Membrane 2

20. The Film-A-Horn – Attaching the Membrane 1

21. The Film-A-Horn – Membrane Attached The Finished Horn 0

22. How Do We Hear?

23. How is Sound Produced?

24. Extras – Production of Sound 1

25. Extras – Production of Sound cont. 0

26. 1

27. How Does Sound Travel? - Through the Air 0

28. Does Sound Travel Through A Vacuum?

29. Do Solids Conduct Sound Better Than Air?

30. Do Liquids Conduct Sound Better Than Air?

31. VELOCITY OF SOUND IN VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

32. Extras - Transmitting Mediums 3

33. Transmitting Mediums cont. 2

34. Transmitting Mediums cont. 1

35. Transmitting Mediums cont. 0

36. FUNdamentals of Sound III. Three Types Of Waves A. Torsionalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs as a twisting effect in a plane that is perpendicular to the direction on the wave motion (examples: twisters, hurricanes, tornados). B. Longitudinalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs in the same direction of the wave motion. (examples: sound, people standing in line, cars taking off from one red light and coming to a stop at another red light.) C. Transversal waveswhen the disturbance occurs at right angles to the direction of the wave motion. (examples: water, light, radio, electromagnetic.) 2

37. Illustrating the Model Of Sound – Waves in Nature 1

38. Nature of Waves 0

39. What is a Sound Wave? Imagine putting on a pair of very high-powered magnifying glasses, so that you could see the molecules of air in the small rectangular space shown in the diagram. 5

40. What is a Sound Wave? If the room was quiet, with little or no noticeable sound present, the air molecules in this little rectangular space it might look like: 4

41. What is a Sound Wave? If a very brief sound, that is a single pulse consisting of one compression and one rarefaction, was made by the Speaker on the left. 3

42. What is a Sound Wave? And you looked at the air molecules in the little rectangular space between the Speaker and the Listener they might now look like this: 2

43. What is a Sound Wave? If you looked at the air molecules in the little rectangular space a short time later they might have looked like this: 1

44. What is a Sound Wave? If the pulse is repeated regularly, a pattern may be created. We call this pattern of compressions and rarefactions pressure waves, or sound waves. This is what Sound waves might actually look like! 0

45. Illustrating the Model Of Sound – FUNdamentals of Sound I. Characteristics Of A Wave A. Pulse:a single disturbance in a medium. B. Frequency:the number of occurrences of some event per unit of time. (example; the number of times the meter stick goes up and down in one minute.) C. Amplitude:the measurement of the distance the medium moves from the zero point to the maximum displacement. (example; the distance of the very end of the meter stick - from standing still to the farthest distance away from that zero position.) D. Wavelength:the distance along a wave front — from any starting point to the next successive starting point. (example; looking at a slinky in motion. Begin with the very beginning of a pulse to the very beginning of the next pulse.) E. Loudness:occurs with the addition of energy to the vibrating medium. 3

46. Five Basic Characteristics of Waves. Wavelength Period = .5-sec. Amplitude Time = 1 sec Frequency = 2 Hz 1. Wavelength (l), is the distance from a point on a wave to the next point 2. Amplitude (A), is the maximum displacement. Amplitude indicates the loudness of a sound. 3. Period (t), is the time (in seconds) that it takes for a wave to travel one full wavelength. 4. Frequency (f), is the number of vibrations (waves) per second. This indicates the pitch of a sound. 5. Wave speed (V), is the rate the wave is traveling; the units of measurement are meters/sec. 2

47. FUNdamentals of Sound II.Components Of Light and Sound waves AEnergyis needed to form any Light or Sound wave. B Light waves are made by continuous succession of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. These fields travel as a wave, an EM (Electromagnetic) wave. C. Sound waves are made by the vibrations (moving back and forth) of the particles of an object. D. A mediumis NOT needed to transport the Light energy. E. A mediumis needed to transport the Sound energy. F. Waves are formed when energy is transported from one place to another. 1

48. Illustrating the Model Of Sound 0

49. What Causes High and Low Pitched Sounds 1

50. What Causes High and Low Pitched Sounds – The Straw 0