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Ancient Nubia. Which Nile culture developed first?. Egypt. Nubia. Nubia. However, Egypt developed more quickly!. Nubia. Located in present day Sudan; south of Egypt Called Kingdom of Kush. Nubia. Nubia was more fertile in ancient times Silt from flooding (Nile)
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Which Nile culture developed first? Egypt Nubia
Nubia However, Egypt developed more quickly!
Nubia • Located in present day Sudan; south of Egypt • Called Kingdom of Kush
Nubia • Nubia was more fertile in ancient times • Silt from flooding (Nile) • Rich in minerals – gold, copper, stone
Nubian Civilization • Similar to Egypt • Farming developed about 3500 B.C. • Some farmers grew wealthy; became leaders
Nubian Civilization • 2000 B.C. – leader united the region & became king • Kingdom – Kush • 1st capital – Kerma (south of 3rd cataract) – natural barrier
Kushite society • Began evolving • Influenced by people in the south and Egypt in the North
Nubia’s Wealth • Nubian kings gained wealth from trade • Nubians raised cattle and hunted for food because they lived in a rocky region
Conflict Arises • Peaceful at times • Egypt / Nubia border shifted many times • Was influenced by Egypt because of close contact, but did develop its own culture • Kush grew wealthy and strong • Egyptians feared the growth of Kush
During Egypt’s Old Kingdom, pharaohs often controlled Lower Nubia
Egypt VS Nubia • Egypt sought to control the mines and trade in Nubia • In times of strong governments (pharaohs) in Egypt, Egypt pushed into Nubia; weak governments were driven out of Nubia
Egypt VS Nubia • Egypt’s New Kingdom • 1500 B.C. - Thutmose I sent army to conquer Kush • Conquered Nubia north of 5th cataract • Destroyed Kerma • Nubians enslaved • Forced to make payments of gold • Built Egyptian temples
Egyptian Control • Controlled Kush 450 years • Egyptians settled in Kush • Egyptian language • Egyptian names, clothing, religious practices
King’s Sons of Kush • Pharaoh’s officials • Kept watch over local rulers • Sent sons of rulers to Egypt as hostages
Egypt’s New Kingdom Ends • Mid 1000s • Egypt’s pharaoh lost power • Kushite leaders regained control of Kush • Kush became independent once again • No history of Kush for next 200 years
Kush Regains Power • 850 B.C. • Kushitesbuild new capital in Napata (south of Kerma)
Kush Invades Egypt • 700s B.C. • King Kashta attacked Egypt • 751 B.C. – conquered Lower Egypt
Kushite Rule • Piankhi (son of Kashta) – 751-716 B.C. • Continued to attack Egypt • Believed gods wanted him to rule Egypt – fueled passion for war • Controlled from Delta to Kushite capital
Egypt under Nubian rule • Nubians allowed Egyptians to keep their own culture • Nubians helped to restore forgotten or lost parts of their culture
Shabaka • Brother of Piankhi • Declared himself Pharaoh • Began 25th Dynasty • Believed they were heirs of great Egyptian pharaoh’s of the past
Shabaka • Restored Egyptian culture and infrastructure • Tried to restore old traditions and cultural practices • Worked to restore Egyptian writing • Restored temples
End of Nubian Rule • Nubians only ruled Egypt 40-60 years • 670s B.C. – Assyrians invaded Egypt • in 10 years Kushites had been back into Nubia
Kushite Success • Became farmers and traders • Prosperous and powerful
Kushite Iron Industry • Meroe – new capital and industrial center • Location on Nile aided growth • Large deposits of …. -gold -forests – ebony & other wood -iron ore
Kushite Trade • Trade network – system of people in different lands who trade goods • Kush to Egyptians; Egyptians to Greeks; then to entire Mediterranean region and Red Sea ports
Kush Exports and Imports • Exports – items sent to other places – gold, pottery, iron tools and weapons, slaves, ivory • Imports – goods brought in from other countries – fine jewelry and luxury items
Cultural Diffusion • Trade led to combined cultures of Kushites and others • Most obvious – Egypt – borrowed many aspects of Egyptian culture
Unique Kushite Culture • Houses • Daily life • Worshipped some of own gods • Own written language – Meroitic (we still can’t decode) • Different view on women
Kushite Women • Expected to be active • Some rose to positions of power • Co-rulers • Queens • Queen Shankhdakheto – 1st woman to rule Kush (170 B.C. – 150 B.C.)
Decline of Kush • Problems within the kingdom weakened the economy • Overgrazed the land (cattle); led to soil blown away by wind; less farming • Cut down too many trees to fuel furnaces; furnaces shut down; fewer weapons and tools to trade
Decline of Kush • Weakened by loss of trade • Foreigners set up new trade routes that bypassed Kush • Aksum
Aksum • Located on Red Sea • Present day Ethiopia and Eritrea • Grew wealthy quickly (200 years) • A.D. 350 Emperor Ezana took advantage of Kush’s loss of wealth and military power – destroyed Kushite capital (Meroe)
Aksum • Late A. D. 300s Aksum became Christian • 200 years later converted Nubians • Influence of Kush disappeared
Egypt and Nubia had lost their power and NEVER regained full strength!