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SPIRITUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH ACROSS CULTURES

DEFINITION OF A ?PARADIGM' . a system of beliefs and assumptions that determines fact-gathering within the science (Kuhn, 1962)the rules of the game. .. the assumptions that are often implicit, rather than being clearly stated, more like shared beliefs (Ingleby, 1980)ReferencesKuhn, T. S. (19

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SPIRITUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH ACROSS CULTURES

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    1. SPIRITUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH ACROSS CULTURES Suman Fernando European Centre Study of Migration and Social Care (MASC) University of Kent Department of Applied Social Sciences London Metropolitan University

    2. DEFINITION OF A ‘PARADIGM’ a system of beliefs and assumptions that determines fact-gathering within the science (Kuhn, 1962) the rules of the game. .. the assumptions that are often implicit, rather than being clearly stated, more like shared beliefs (Ingleby, 1980) References Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Third edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. First published by University of Chicago Press 1962. Ingleby, D. (1981) Critical Psychiatry. The politics of mental health. Penguin Books, 1981. republished by Free Association Books, London 2004. Ingleby, D. (1981) Critical Psychiatry. The politics of mental health. Penguin Books, 1981. republished by Free Association Books, London 2004.

    3. PARADIGM OF WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY BELIEFS POSITIVISM= Reality is rooted only in what can be observed OBJECTIVISM Feelings, thoughts etc. regarded as objects RATIONALITY Reason superior to emotion All assertions are verifiable by logical proof CAUSALITY Nothing occurs randomly Natural causes for all events and effects APPROACHES MECHANISTIC Newtonian physics, purposeless machine LOGICAL REASONING Intellectual exercise REDUCTIONIST Sum of the parts equals to whole Ref: Fernando, S (2009) Mental health, Race and Culture. Third edition. (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

    4. SPIRITUALITY Spirituality seen across cultures Sense of connectedness Something to do with ‘soul’, ancestors (‘spirits’) Located in culture- community, Experienced in (communal) ‘religious’ activity ‘Spirituality’ extracted as an ‘essence’ Likely to be detached from community, religion, culture May become a ‘commodity’ If individualized may become ‘selfish’, anti-social, ego-centric References: Fernando, S. (2003) Cultural Diversity, Mental Health and Psychiatry. The struggle against racism. (Hove and New York: Brunner-Routledge) Carrette, J. & King, R. (2005) Selling Spirituality. The silent takeover of religion. (Abingdon: Routledge)

    5. ACTION AND CONTEMPLATION Aldous Huxley (1947) argues: IN ALL RELIGIONS Contemplation of truth is the end Action is the means (Steam engine revolution [19th Century science]) IN WESTERN CULTURE Action is the end Contemplation of truth is the means Reference Huxley, A. (1947) ‘Introduction’ in S. Prabhavanda and C. Isherwood (eds.) Song of God Bhagavad-Gita. Phoenix House, London.

    6. SOME WEBSITES www.sumanfernando.com www.bmementalhealth.org.uk www.aen.org.nz www.spn/org.uk

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