Conjunctions

1. Conjunctions • Coordinate conjunctions- used to create compound sentences • Subordinate conjunctions- used to create complex sentences. • Correlative conjunctions- also used to create complex sentences. Always come in pairs of words.

2. Coordinate Conjunctions • Use to combine words and sentences • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So (FANBOYS) Example: He did not like the pizza, but he did like the buffalo wings. Martha and Melissa were studying chemistry in the college library.

3. Subordinate Conjunctions • Use to combine dependent and independent clauses. Subordinate conjunction can either come a the beginning of a sentence or can be found within the sentence. • Although • If • After • While • As • Whereas • Even(though) • While

4. Subordinate Conjunctions Cont’ • Dependent clause- a group of words that can not stand along. It needs something else to make it complete. A dependent clause will generally begin with a subordinate conjunction. • Examples: Because you like the way they sound, After the drama ended, While the student pondered the problem,

5. Subordinate Conjunction Cont’ • Independent Clause- group of words that can stand along and is used to make a dependent clause make sense. • Example • You will want to imitate certain sentences. • All the player took a bow. • His dog soiled his homework

6. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions- a pair of words that shows the relationship (compare or contrast) two ideas in a sentence. Correlative conjunctions will always come in pairs. • Either, or • Neither, nor • Not only, but also • Both, and • If, then

7. Correlative Conjunctions Cont’ • Example • You have a choice or either spaghetti or lasagna for the reception dinner. • If you do not make a choice, then the decision will be made for you. • Not only did she eat the pie, but she also at the cake.

8. Compound Complex Sentences • Special Cases of Compound Sentences • When a coordinating conjunction joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence, it is called a compound-complex sentence: • Mrs. Johnson was a wonderful English teacher; however, she was constantly absent due to her devasating illness.

9. Compound Complex Sentences Cont’ • Compound-complex • It is possible to join two originally separate sentences into a compound sentence using a semicolon instead of a coordinating conjunction: • Example: • To write about people, you need to know about people; to write about blood hounds, you have to know about bloodhounds. (James Thurber)

10. Compound Complex Sentences Cont’ • Usually, a transitional or linking word such as "however“, "consequently“ or “therefore” will appear near the beginning of the second part, but it is not required: • My mornings start out pretty hectic; however, they get progressively better. • Timothy finally received an A+ in math; therefore, he was allowed to attend the 8th grade formal.

11. Things to Avoid(Run-on & Comma Splice) • Run-on sentences- two independent clauses that have been joined together instead of properly separated. • Example: Tom read the novel, his friends saw the movie • My grandmother refuses to go to bed early, she thinks she is going to miss out on some of the action. • A comma is not used to separate to independent clauses. When you do so you create a comma splice.

12. How to Fix Run-On’s and Comma Splices • There are three ways to correct run-on sentences and comma splices. • Place a period after the first clause and capitalize the first letter of the second; in other words, start a new sentence. Example: • Tom read the novel. His friend saw the movie. • My grandmother refuses to go to bed early. She thinks she is going to miss out on some of the action.

13. How to Fix Run-On’s and Comma Splices • Keep the comma and add a coordinating conjunction Example: • Tom read the novel, and his friend saw the movie. • My grandmother refuses to go to bed early, for she thinks she is going to miss out on some of the action.

14. How to Fix Run-On’s and Comma Splices • Place a semicolon (not a comma) between the independent clauses. Example: • Tom read the novel; his friend saw the movie. • My grandmother refuses to go to bed early; she thinks she is going to miss out on some of the action.

15. Things to Avoid(Fragments) • Fragment- a sentence this is missing either a subject (noun being talked about) or a predicate (action being done). A fragment does not express a complete thought. Example: • The candidate addressing the crowd • While the candidate addressing the crowd

16. How to fix a Fragment • Simply add the missing part, that is either the missing subject or the missing predicate. Example: • The candidate addressing the crowd presented his platform in an authoritarian manner. • While the candidate addresses the crowd, his campaign members prepared for the next speech.

17. Things to Avoid(Unclear Reference) • Unclear reference (dangling participle)-occurs when there is not a clear reference to what is doing or receiving the action. A participle is a word that looks like a verb but functions as an adjective. Example: • Rushing out the door, his keys were forgotten. • Spending money like a drunken sailor, his fortune was soon gone.