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Chemistry and Biochemistry Part 5

Chemistry and Biochemistry Part 5. For Advanced Diploma students of the WEA Hunter Academy of Complementary Health. Chapter 8. CARBOHYDRATES: Strong and Sweet. Basics. Abundant (50% of organic carbon is stored as starch and cellulose) Carbo = Carbon Hydrate = Hydrate

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Chemistry and Biochemistry Part 5

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  1. Chemistry and BiochemistryPart 5 For Advanced Diploma students of the WEA Hunter Academy of Complementary Health (c) WEA Hunter Academy of Complementary Health. Created by John Radvan. Reproduction or transmission without the express permission of the author is prohibited.

  2. Chapter 8 CARBOHYDRATES: Strong and Sweet

  3. Basics • Abundant (50% of organic carbon is stored as starch and cellulose) • Carbo = Carbon • Hydrate = Hydrate • Carbohydrate = Hydrate of Carbon • These are effectively big chains of sugars • Look at Fig 8.1, what two functional groups are common in carbohydrates?

  4. Isomers (p91) • Carbohydrates have this wonderful way of keeping the same components, but structuring themselves differently • What is an ‘epimer’? • What is an ‘enantiomer’? • Lets look at the figures on p92 to help our understanding of isomerism • Look at Fig 8.5 p93 to see the different ways of depicting sugars

  5. Joining together • A monosaccharide (‘one sugar’) can join to another by a glycosidic bond • This will form a disaccharide (‘two sugars’) • Sucrose: table sugar • Lactose: milk • Maltose: malt, biscuits, beer • Look at Figure 8.6

  6. Sugar Conga! • Many sugars (usually more than 12) makes a ‘polysaccharide’ • Homopolymer = many of the one sugar • Heteropolymer = many of different types of sugar

  7. Cellulose • Linear polysaccharide joined by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds • Approximately 2200 glucose units • They are solid lines, water-insoluble and group into well-organised arrangements • This makes them excellent skeletal structures in plants • Humans cannot digest cellulose properly, as our enzymes only break α bonds

  8. Cellulose (cont’d) • Many bacteria and organisms can digest cellulose • Termites have this bacteria in their system and thus can digest wood! • This is also why horses and ruminants can digest grasses and hay

  9. Chapter 9 NUCLEIC ACIDS: biological molecules for information storage, retrieval and usage

  10. What are little people made of? • Lets start by defining some terms: • Base, sugar and phosphate = nucleotide • DNA and RNA • 3’ (pronounced ‘three prime’) and 5’ • Use pages 102 and 103 to write yourselves a glossary of all these terms so you can easily explain the structure of nucleic acids in depth!

  11. Symposiummmmmm!!!! • Two Groups • One looks at ‘DNA structure in detail’ • Other at ‘RNA structure in detail’ • These are important topics, the other group is relying on you for info! PRESSURE IS ON THIS TIME!!! • Take time with this, I will come around and help you.

  12. Important definitions from the symposium • Genetic code • Eukaryote • Histone • Chromosome • A, G, C, T, U • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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