Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School, San Marcos CA

1. The Diversity of the American Colonies Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School, San Marcos CA

2. 1. Although the Amerindians were hit with epidemics, many Amerindians adapted new European technologies and new political possibilities and thrived. 2. After centuries of isolation, Amerindians were now involved in global events. 3. The newly established colonial societies were very complex, involving Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans to create new cultures. Three Themes for European Colonization of the Americas

3. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

4. European Empires in the Americas

5. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomienda or forced labor. • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • Papal agreement.

6. New Colonial Rivals

7. Spain, Portugal, France, and England all participated in the colonization of the Americas. All subjugated Amerindian peoples and introduced large numbers of enslaved Africans. All four empires cut forests down, virgin soils were turned with the plow, and Old World animals were introduced. Cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, rats and rabbits had no natural predators. Colonists in all four applied the technologies of the Old World to the resources of the New producing wealth and exploiting the emerging Atlantic market. The New World Colonial Empires

8. The most centralized empire. Political and economic power was concentrated in the great capital cities of Mexico City and Lima under viceroys. The Council of the Indies supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies. Mineral wealth allowed for Spain to become more centralized. Catholic empire that enforced significant levels of religious and cultural uniformity. The Spanish Empire

9. Taxes paid in Spanish America by the silver and gold mines and in Brazil by the sugar plantations and gold mines funded large and intrusive colonial bureaucracies. In both colonies the Catholic Church became the primary agent for the introduction and transmission of Christian belief as well as European language and culture. Both Spain and Portugal justified their American conquests by assuming an obligation to convert native populations to Christianity. Spain and Portugal

10. Epidemics spread throughout Brazil and the Portuguese will be forced to rely more on African slaves. African slaves were more expensive, but were more resistant to disease and more productive. The status of the black population of colonial L.A. declined with the opening of a direct slave trade with Africa. American silver increased the European money supply, promoting commercial expansion and, later, industrialization. Spain and Portugal attempted to control the trade of their American colonies through monopoly privileges.

11. France and England hoped to find wealth in the Americas. They used a mixture of diplomacy and violence in dealing with the native populations. These colonies were developed more than a century after Cortes’s conquest of Mexico and the Portuguese settlement of Brazil. English and French Colonies

12. Trade connections had already been established by the time of English and French involvement. Private companies and individual proprietors played a much larger role in the development of these colonies.

13. Conquests of Mexico, Peru not the result of imperial policy, but inspired greater efforts to expand Spanish empire Spanish administration based in New Spain (Mexico) and New Castile (Peru), extended to Florida and Buenos Aires Mexico city built atop Tenochtitlan, founded Lima in Peru Viceroys rule, but supervised by local courts called audiencias designed to prevent buildup of local power bases Considerable dispute with Spanish homeland Spanish Colonial Administration

14. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides entire (non-Christian) world between Spain and Portugal Portugal claims Brazil Little interest at first, but increases as other imperial powers take notice Exploited for sugarcane production Portuguese Brazil

15. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

16. Spanish towns, forts, missions on east coast of North America, some on west coast Dislodged in 17th century by French, English, Dutch mariners Permanent colonies in North America France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608) England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623) English take it in 1664, rename it New York Settler Colonies in North America

17. Exceptionally difficult conditions Starvation rampant, cannibalism occasionally practiced French, English private merchants invest heavily in expansion of colonies Greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies Colonial Government

18. North American peoples loosely organized, migratory Unlike Aztec, Inca empires European colonists stake out forested land, clear it for agriculture Increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land: 150,000 from England in 17th century Relations with Indigenous Peoples

19. Colonists displace indigenous peoples, trespass on hunting grounds English settlers negotiate treaties, poorly understood by natives Military conflict frequent Natives also devastated by epidemic disease Conflict with Indigenous Peoples

20. North American Populations

21. European, African migrants primarily men Relationships with native women formed Mestizo (mixed) societies formed People of Spanish and native parentage Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”) Descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”) Less pronounced in Peru The Formation of Multicultural Societies

22. Race-based hierarchy Top: peninsulares, i.e. migrants from Iberian peninsula Criollos (creoles), i.e. children of migrants Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples The Social Hierarchy

23. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

24. Higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America Higher social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves Fur traders have relationships with North American native women Children: métis North American Societies

25. Hunt for gold and silver Conquistadores loot Aztec, Inca treasures and melt them down for their value as raw precious metals Gold not extensive in Spanish holdings, but silver relatively plentiful Extensive employment of natives Incan mita system of conscripted labor Dangerous working conditions Eventually assimilate into Spanish culture 1/5 reserved for crown (quinta), hugely profitable Mining in the Spanish Empire

26. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

27. Major resource of income for Spanish crown Manila Galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading Very popular with Chinese markets Also trade in the Atlantic basin Global Significance of Silver

28. Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, 1500-1800

29. Large estates produce products of European origin Wheat, grapes, meat Encomienda system of utilizing native labor force Rampant abuses 1520-1540 Gradually replaced by debt patronage Peasants repay loans with cheap labor The Hacienda

30. A Hacienda in Chile

31. Rebellion 1680 Pueblo Revolt 1780 Túpac Amaru rebellion Half-hearted work Retreat into mountains and forests Appeal to Spanish crown 1,200 page letter of Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1615 Resistance to Spanish Rule

32. Silver mining in the Spanish empire and sugar plantations in the Portuguese led to the need for more labor. The Spanish used the encomienda to support the extraction of silver. This was a very dangerous job and led to the need for even more slaves. The Spanish chose to impose the mita: one seventh of adult males were compelled to work for six months a year in dangerous conditions. The Portuguese sugar plantations began with the use of enslaved Amerindians captured in war or seized from their villages. Wanted: Slave Labor

33. Sugar mill: engenho, refers to complex of land, labor, etc. all related to production of sugar Sugarcane to molasses, or refined to sugar for export Low profit margins Unlike Spanish system of forced native labor, Portuguese rely on imported African slaves Natives continually evaded Portuguese forces Large-scale importing of slaves begins 1580s Working conditions poor: 5-10% die annually Approximately one human life per ton of sugar Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil

34. Indigenous peoples trade pelts for wool blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol Beaver hunts cause frequent incursions into neighboring territories, conflicts European settler-cultivators also displacing natives from traditional lands Albeit initially dependent on native assistance, as European grains did not grow well in many areas Fur Trading in North America

35. Products developed for European markets Tobacco Rice Indigo Cotton Increases demand for imported slave labor European indentured servants, 4-7 year terms Chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners and criminals Development of Cash Crops

36. Export of Tobacco from Virginia

37. African slaves in Virginia from 1610 Increasingly replace European indentured laborers, late 17th-early 18th centuries Less prominent in north due to weak nature of cash-crop industry Slave trading still important part of economy Also, products made through slave labor Rum, based on sugar from plantations Slavery in North America

38. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

39. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

40. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

41. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

42. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

43. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

44. Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit missionaries from 16th century Taught Christian doctrine, literacy Often accumulated cultural knowledge to provide context for effective missionizing Bernardino de Sahagún Due to conquest and plague, many natives in Spanish America concluded that their gods had abandoned them, converted to Catholicism Yet often retained elements of pagan religion in Christian worship Missionary Activity in the Americas

45. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

46. The Virgin of Guadalupe

47. Less effective than Spanish missions Spaniards ruled native populations more directly Migration patterns of North American natives French and English Missions

48. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

49. New Patterns of World Trade