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Origins of the Gospel of Luke

Origins of the Gospel of Luke. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story. 586 B.C.E. … Destruction of 1 st Jerusalem Temple 516 B.C.E. … Completion & dedication of 2 nd Temple Torah reading instituted by Ezra 4 B.C.E. - 30 C.E. … Lifespan of Jesus. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story.

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Origins of the Gospel of Luke

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  1. Origins of theGospel of Luke

  2. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story 586 B.C.E. … Destruction of 1st Jerusalem Temple516 B.C.E. … Completion & dedication of 2nd Temple Torah reading instituted by Ezra4 B.C.E. - 30 C.E. … Lifespan of Jesus

  3. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story 66 - 73 C.E. … Jewish/Roman War & Masada Siege70 C.E. … Destruction of 2nd Jerusalem Temple75 - 80 C.E. … Approx. writing of Luke’s Gospel 79 C.E. … Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii

  4. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story By this time, Jews commonly spokeAramaic and/or Greek.Hearing Torah read in ancient Hebrew would have been comparable to us today hearing scripture read in the Englishof Chaucer’s time.

  5. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story TargumLiterally, “translation” or “interpretation.”An explanation of an ancient text, using amore modern common language.

  6. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Jewish targums began as memorizedoral explanations of scripture.By early 2nd century C.E., targums beganto appear as formal written texts. Some are fairly literal … others containmany midrashic expressions.

  7. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Was Luke’s Gospel a “Christian targum”composed to accompany and parallel Torah readings?Luke’s Genealogy(Luke 3:23-38)Is the genealogy a synchronization mark?

  8. Liturgical Calendar of Torah Readings Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Nisan Iyar Sivan Tammuz Av Elul Tishrei Cheshvan Kislev Tevet Shevat Adar Passover Pentecost Ninth of Av Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Tabernacles Hanukkah Purim M O N T H

  9. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story The parallel stories purposely connect Jesus to Abraham via the Jewish literary style called midrash. Luke inserts the genealogy of Jesus after his nativity and baptism narratives to keep it synchronized with a genealogy that appears in Torah.Luke then continues telling his Jesus story in the order of the Torah, weaving it in theme by theme.

  10. Liturgical Calendar of Luke Gospel Readings Luke 20-24 Luke 1-4 Luke 4-6 Luke 6-8 Luke 8-10 Luke 10-20 Nisan Iyar Sivan Tammuz Av Elul Tishrei Cheshvan Kislev Tevet Shevat Adar Passover Pentecost Ninth of Av Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Tabernacles Hanukkah Purim M O N T H

  11. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story GenesisAbraham (Abram) & Sarah (Sarai) Isaac & Rebekah / Jacob & Rachel/LeahLukeZacharias & Elisabeth / Joseph & Mary vs.

  12. Genesis 11Abram’s wife was Sarai...But Sarai was barren; she had no child. Genesis 18Now Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age; and it ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women. Luke 1A certain priest named Zacharias...and his wife...Elisabeth. And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well stricken in years. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  13. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Type Scene“The Barren Woman” is a common type scenein early Jewish literature.Other common Jewish type scenes are“Foreigner Meets a Woman at a Well”&“Older Serves the Younger”

  14. Genesis 18And the Lord appeared unto him [Abraham]... And, lo, three men stood by him... He ran to meet them from the tent door and bowed himself toward the ground. Luke 1And there appeared unto him [Zacharias] an angel of the Lord... I am Gabriel and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew thee these glad tidings. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  15. Genesis 18Sarah thy wife shall have a son.... Sarah laughed saying After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also?... Is any thing too hard for the LORD? Luke 1Thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John.... Whereby shall I know this? I am an old man, and my wife well striken in years.... Thou shalt be dumb because thou believest not my words.... For with God nothing shall be impossible. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  16. Genesis 26Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws. Luke 1And they [Zacharias & Elisabeth] were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  17. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Both sets of parents were called righteous.Both Sarah and Elisabeth were barren.Both sets of parents were old.In both stories, the news came via angelic beings to a disbelieving father.Both fathers were told nothing is impossible with God.

  18. Genesis 25Unborn twins leapt in Rebekah’s womb... And the elder [Esau] shall serve the younger [Jacob]. Luke 1And [Gabriel] said, Fear not, Mary... Thou shalt conceive and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. And Mary entered into [Elisabeth’s] house... When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe [John] leaped in her womb. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  19. Genesis 30And she [Rebekah] conceived and bare a son; and said, God hath taken away my reproach. Luke 1Thus hath the Lord dealt with me [Elisabeth] in the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  20. Genesis 30Happy am I [Leah], for the daughters will call me blessed. Luke 1He hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden [Mary]; from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  21. Genesis 30And they journeyed [Jacob & Rachel]... And Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour... The midwife said unto her, thou shalt have this son... As her soul was departing, she called his name Benjamin... Rachel died, and was buried on the way to Eph-rath, which is Beth-lehem. Luke 2And Joseph went from Nazareth, unto the City of David, which is Bethlehem... To be taxed with Mary his wife, being great with child... And she brought forth her first born son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  22. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Only 2 times in scripture that babies leap in wombs.The elder-born boys [Esau & John the Baptizer] serve the younger-born boys [Jacob & Jesus].Jacob and Joseph are both portrayed as on the road to their hometowns with pregnant wives, about to deliver.The respective sons are born in Bethlehem...

  23. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Why do the midrashic origins of Luke’s nativity story now seem to be “hiding in plain sight” in Genesis?

  24. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story When Luke was originally used as a “Christian targum” on Torah, the separate readings were heard in tandem. This emphasized their connection to each other and would have been unmistakable … even to the less indoctrinated. But when later anthologized in Christian bibles, Torah and Luke are separated by some 40 books. Luke had long since ceased to be used as targum on Torah, and their parallelism became obscured … even to the highly indoctrinated.

  25. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Christianic-Jews who heard Luke being read in synagogue or Christian meeting houses certainly recognized its midrashic tone and meaning.They likely enjoyed it very much as a masterfully crafted example of midrashic story telling.

  26. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Midrash was a common device in Jewish literature of this period.It can be both figurative and literal simultaneously.But its literality is always secondary to the metaphor and its meaning. Luke's Gospel may represent one of the earliest written midrashic targums in Jewish literature.

  27. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Today we are far more sensitive to documentary literality in these narratives than were audiences in antiquity, who were far more concerned with the metaphors and their meaning. Some historic material lends itself more readilyto midrashic treatment than does other material. For example…

  28. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story The Lincoln/Kennedy “Midrash” Lincoln & Kennedy were both shot on a Friday.Both presidents died of gunshot wounds to the head.Both successors were named Johnson.

  29. Lincoln elected to Congress 1846 Lincoln elected president in 1860 Andrew Johnson born 1808 John Wilkes Booth was born 1839 Lincoln's secretary was Kennedy Kennedy elected to Congress 1946 Kennedy elected president in 1960 Lyndon Johnson born 1908 Lee Harvey Oswald was born 1939 Kennedy’s secretary was Lincoln Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  30. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story Both assassins were shot before they made it to trial.Booth shot Lincoln in a theater, and was later captured in a warehouse.Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse, and waslater captured in a theater.

  31. Lincoln was shot sitting with his wife at the Ford Theater on10th St. in Wash. D.C. watching aperformance of “Our American Cousin.” Kennedy was shot sitting with his wife at the Majestic Theater onW. 44th St. in New York watching aperformance of Lerner & Loewe's “Camelot.” Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story

  32. Origins of Luke’s Nativity Story The Meaning of the Lincoln/Kennedy “Midrash”Simply that John Kennedy was a great U.S. Presidentequally as admired and importantas Abraham Lincoln.

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