Chapter 28

1. Chapter 28 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961 - 1968

2. Section 1 • The New Frontier

3. Election of 1960 • Television politics was born and everyone began to watch the debates on television for the 1st time judging not only the message but also the appearance of the candidates. • Democrat- John F. Kennedy, he was a wealthy Catholic that came from a political family from Massachusetts . He was perceived as out going and relaxed . • Republican – Richard M. Nixon, he was a poor Quaker from California. He was perceived as formal and as a stiff to the people.

4. Election of 1960 • The main issues of the 1960 Election: • Economy • Cold War • Kennedy- • He argued that America faced severe threats from the Soviets • He was concerned with Fidel Castro in Cuba aligning himself with the Soviets • The fact he was a Catholic was brought under scrutiny because America had never had a Catholic President • Nixon- • He argued that America was on the right track with the current administration financially as well as in how they attacked the Cold War

5. The Kennedy Mystique • Kennedy’s youth and energetic approach captured the majority of the nation and left them very intrigued about him • At his inauguration on January 20, 1961 JFK gave his famous speech: • “My fellow Americans….Ask not what your country can do for you but rather what you can do for your country”

6. The Kennedy Mystique • JFK’s family was constantly followed around by camera’s and became the 1st famous family of the Presidency • Kennedy was a master of the media • He was the first to televise his press conferences • He inspired many people with his charisma

7. Success and Setback on the Domestic Front • His charm did not work on all Americans. • Congress also was not extremely fond of JFK • JFK had a plan he wanted to implement known as The New Frontier • The New Frontier- • Increase aid to education • Provide health insurance to the elderly • Create a department of Urban Affairs • Help migrant workers

8. Success and Setback on the Domestic Front • Although both houses were majority Democrat neither felt obligated to help JFK in his policies • Republicans and Conservative Southerners viewed The New Frontier as to big and to costly • JFK strengthened the economy and pushed for more military spending and deficit spending

9. Success and Setback on the Domestic Front • JFK pushed women’s rights during the 1960’s • He appointed women to high positions in his administration but not in his cabinet • He created the Presidential Commission on the status of Women in 1961 • They fought for equality on many issues

10. Warren Court Reforms • Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the United States • They worked on reapportionment or redrawing of political voting lines based on population changes • They used the 14th Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to the states and not just the Federal Government • They said that no state shall deprive people of life, liberty, or property without due process

11. Warren Court Reforms • In 1961 they ruled that NO evidence obtained unconstitutionally may be used in court • They ruled that a defendant in a case had the right to a lawyer regardless of their ability to pay for it or not • They also ruled that a defendant must be read there Miranda rights whenever being arrested • They began to push for separation of Church and State for the 1st time

12. Section 2 • JFK and the Cold War

13. Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges • Kennedy faced many Global Challenges: • Cuban Missile Crisis • Conventional Weaponry Programs – “Flexible response” build up of conventional weaponry over nuclear weaponry and more of an emphasis on “special forces” to take care of military missions • Economic Aid- Kennedy wanted to restablish the Latin American countries. So he put into play the “Alliance for Progress” sending cooperative aid to these countries to rebuild their economies. They pledged over $20 Billion over a 10 year period • Peace Corps- A group of young Americans that were sent to under developed countries to provide needed aid to it’s citizens. It is still active today and is one of Kennedy’s biggest legacies. • Space Race- Kennedy was determined to be the 1st nation to reach the moon. In 1961, he declared they must reach the moon before the decade is out. The reached the moon in 1969 during Nixon’s 1st administration. Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon.

14. Crises of the Coldwar • The Bay of Pigs – Kennedy followed on Eisenhower’s training of Cuban exiles and had them invade Cuba in “The Bay of Pigs”. This was a big failure and it exposed the Americans secret plot to overthrow a nations government. It made America look weak and disorganized. It was one of Kennedy’s darkest moments • Berlin Wall is built- Khruschev built a wall in Berlin separating east and west in order ot prevent people from going between the 2 countries. Soviet guards were stationed on the wall and shot at anyone attempting to go between the 2. • The Cuban Missile Crisis- The Soviets and Americans had a standoff near Cuba as America learned Soviets were setting up nuclear weaponry in Cuba. The Soviets agreed to remove the weapons if the United States agreed not to invade Cuba

15. The Death of a President • November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated while he and his wife traveled in a political appearnace in Dallas, Texas. • Lee harvey Oswald was captured and accused as the man who killed JFK. • Oswald was a Marxist that had spent a lot of time in the Soviet Union. • Oswald was shot and killed while in police custody by Jack Ruby

16. The Death of a President • Chief Justice Earl Warren put together The Warren Commission in order to determine if more than one person was involved in the assasination of JFK. • Lyndon B. Johnson the Vice President followed up and became the president and implemented many of Kennedy’s policies during his presidency.

17. Section 3 • The Great Society

18. Johnson Takes the Reigns • One of Johnson’s main goals was to end poverty in America • ON November 22, 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President with Jacqueline Kennedy on one side and his wife Lady Bird on the other side. • He was a major contrast to JFK’s persona as he was more of a rough, stern Texan • He would persuade people by way of “Johnson Treatment” or overpowering or intimidating people

19. Johnson Takes the Reigns • By 1964 he passed through a major tax cut, Civil Rights bill, and a signifigant anti-poverty program • He delcared an unconditional war on povert in America in 1964 • He passed the Economic Opportunity Act establishing the (OEO) Office of Economic Opportunity which formed new programs at Young Americans find jobs and fight poverty

20. Johnson Takes the Reigns • Johnson (Democrat) defeated Barry Goldwater (Republican) in 1964 • It wasa landslide decision as Goldwater came off to extreme to the Americans who were concerned about a possible Nuclear War

21. The Great Society • He passed the Civil Rights act of 1964 – making all forms of discrimination against the law • Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Allowing African Americans to vote • The Great Society was Johnson’s vision of a more perfect and equitable society • He wanted a better society for all people in society • More than 60 programs were passed between 1965 and 1968 • Medicare and Medicaid were passed • Medicare is an insurance program setup through social security • Medicaid financed health care for welfare recipients • Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965 sent millions of dollars to update schools nationwide • The OEO started the Head Start program in order to assist disadvantaged kids

22. The Great Society • 1965 The Department of Housing and Urban Development was formed • Robert Weaver served as it’s 1st secretary and was the 1st African American to serve in a cabinet

23. Legacy of the Great Society • He put so many programs in not all of them worked or were thought out and fristrated many people • It was also hurt by a lack of funds for many of the programs • His goals were so high to change America that they were bound to not be reached