Green House Gas reduction mechanisms

1. Green House Gas reduction mechanisms By Chirantana Kar Project faculty EPTRI

2. Greenhouse gas Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are often called greenhouse gases Some greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur naturally and are emitted to the atmosphere through natural processes and human activities. Other greenhouse gases (e.g., fluorinated gases) are created and emitted solely through human activities. The principal greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere because of human activities are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Fluorinated Gases

3. GHGs Earth's most abundant greenhouse gases are: • water vapor • carbon dioxide • methane • nitrous oxide • ozone • CFCs

4. Anthropogenic sources • The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: • Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. • Livestock enteric fermentation and manure management • Paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, pipeline losses, and • Covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. • Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. • Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane. • Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes. • Agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to higher nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations.

5. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2006 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

6. Global Fossil Carbon Emission

9. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the "temperature increase since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations and natural phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes Fact

10. Effective Global Climate Policy Requires • Better consensus on long term objective • Policy process that includes all major emitters – developed and developing economies; key industrial sectors • Better education of public on climate protection role and responsibilities • Reliance on suite of initiatives – voluntary and mandatory – to achieve reductions in atmospheric loadings • Support for technology evolution in near term and revolution in long term • Commitment to market-based, cost effective approaches

11. Kyoto Protocol The protocol is intended to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Kyoto Protocol establishes legally binding commitments for the reduction of six greenhouse gases

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13. The need of the hour-Sustainable energy • Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the “twin pillars” of a sustainable energy policy. • Both strategies must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. • Efficient energy use is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use.

14. Green House Gas Reduction mechanism A. Energy conservation methods : Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services. Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by changes in individual behaviour Increasing the fuel efficiency of vehicles (often through hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric cars and improving conventional automobiles) Energy efficient building design :Proper placement of windows and skylights and use of architectural features that reflect light into a building, can reduce the need for artificial lighting. Compact fluorescent lights use two-thirds less energy and may last 6 to 10 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. Massive Afforestation

15. Energy efficiency in industry : In industry, when electricity is generated, the heat which is produced as a by-product can be captured and used for process steam, heating or other industrial purposes. Conventional electricity generation is about 30 percent efficient, whereas combined heat and power (also called cogeneration) converts up to 90 percent of the fuel into usable energy. Waste to energy technologies Incineration Biomethanisation Landfillling Bio gas Adoption and promotion of codes and standards focused on maximizing GHG reductions (e.g., for buildings, vehicles, and appliances); Increases in public R&D in innovative energy efficiency technologies; and incentives for the private and public procurement of highly efficient technologies. Changing business practices

16. B.Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat Renewable energy Wind powerWave powerTidal powerSolar powerHydro powerGeothermalBiomassBiofuel

17. Solar energy use Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. Generate electricity using concentrated solar power. Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a Solar updraft tower. Generate electricity in geosynchronous orbit using solar power satellites. Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells. Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys. Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design. Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens. Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels. Solar air conditioning

18. Projects set up by MNES Grid Interactive and Off Grid / Distributed Renewable Power Wind  Power Small Hydro Power Biomass Power Urban & Industrial waste to Energy Solar Energy Distributed Renewable Power Small Wind Energy & Hybrid System Small Hydro Power Biomass Power Biomass Gasifier Biogas Power

19. Challenges • Aesthetics • Land area required-Biomass and Biofuels • Events like the shifting of riverbeds, or changing weather patterns • Issues of food security- Bio-fuel • commercialisation of the technologies have been limited due to low reliability of the devices, • lack of remunerative tariffs for RET-generated electricity, and • Lack of consumer-desired features (in terms of the services and the financial commitments)

20. Other GHG reduction mechanisms • Sustainable agricultural practices • Water conservation methods • The use of carbon sinks :A carbon sink is a natural or manmade reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The main manmade sinks are: Landfills Carbon capture and storage proposals • Carbon credits : They provide a way to reduce greenhouse effect emissions on an industrial scale by capping total annual emissions and letting the market assign a monetary value to any shortfall through trading. Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets at the prevailing market price.

21. Other mechanisms • Taxation : A carbon tax is an environmental tax on emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It is an example of a pollution tax. The purpose of a carbon tax is to protect the environment by reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and thereby slow climate change. It can be implemented by taxing the burning of fossil fuels—coal, petroleum products such as gasoline and aviation fuel, and natural gas—in proportion to their carbon content. • Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of Earth's environment on a large scale "to suit human needs and promote habitability". Some geoengineering techniques seek to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere directly (e.g. carbon dioxide air capture) or indirectly (e.g. ocean iron fertilization). These techniques can be regarded as mitigation of global warming. • Solar shades : A space sunshade can be described as a big parasol that diverts some of the suns rays, stopping them from hitting the earth and heating the planet, thus mitigating the effects of global warming through solar radiation management. It also can be used to produce space solar power, acting as solar power satellites.

22. Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy • (i)Electricity from Renewables : The Electricity Act,2003, requires State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to specify a percentage of electricity that the electricity distribution companies must procure from renewable sources. This has contributed to acceleration in renewable-electricity capacity addition, and over the past three years, about 2,000 MW of renewable-electricity capacity has been added in India every year • (ii) Enhancing Efficiency of Power Plants : The Electricity Regulatory Commissions are linking tariffs to efficiency enhancement, thus providing an incentive for renovation and modernization. New plants are being encouraged to adopt more efficient and clean coal technologies, and four new plants under construction have adopted the more-efficient supercritical technology for power generation.

23. Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy • (iii) Introduction of Labeling Programme for Appliances: An energy labeling programme for appliances was launched in 2006, and comparative star based labeling has been introduced for fluorescenttube lights, air conditioners, and distribution transformers. The labels provide information about the energy consumption of an appliance, and thus enable consumers to make informed decisions • Energy Conservation Building Code:An Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) was launched in May, 2007, which addresses the design of new, large commercial buildings to optimize the building’s energy demand. • Energy Audits of Large Industrial Consumers:In March 2007, the conduct of energy audits was made mandatory in large energy-consuming units in nine industrial sectors. These units, notified as “designated consumers” are also required to employ “certified energy managers”, and report energy consumption and energy conservation data annually.

24. Indian Power sector-Concerns • The Indian power sector is predominantly based on fossil fuels, with about three-fifths of the country’s power generation capacity being dependent on vast indigenous reserves of coal • Due to predominance of fossil fuels, there are large negative environmental externalities caused by electricity generation. • Power sector alone has a 40 percent contribution in the total carbon emissions. • Generation based on large hydropower has continued to grow very slowly due to a number of socio-environmental barriers and has a quarter share in capacity at present • Over the past three decades there has been a gradual shift from underground to surface mining that has caused significant deforestation and land degradation.

25. Indian Power sector- Concerns • There is increasing environmental concern about the contribution of coal-fired power generation to air emissions, mainly due to the poor quality of Indian coal with an average ash content of 40 percent or more. • The growing energy consumption is likely to lead to increasing emissions of gases, compounding the pollution problems at the local level and increasing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions • A long term projection over a forty year period (1995-2035) indicates that energy consumption shall treble; electricity generation shall rise by 5.4 times; coal shall continue to be the main source of fuel and carbon emissions shall go up by 3.6 times

26. Environmental issues in coal based power generation • Greenhouse gas (CO2) emission CO2 from fuel combustion CH4 and N2O from fuel combustion SF6(Sulphur Hexafluoride) from transmission & distribution • Particulate mission • SOx and NOx emission • Poor coal quality • Coal haulage over long distance • Ash management / large ash quantity and large land &water requirement, leachates possibilities • Fugitive emission • Effluents

27. Facts • At current fuel usage pattern, the only sustainable fuel that comes close to providing sufficient annual flow to offset current fossil fuel consumption rates (for chemicals & fuels) is biomass. • Shell Oil estimate – annual biomass energy uptake (globally) ~7X current fossil fuel consumption – but most of that is wet & single celled… • Numerous regulatory barriers to energy efficiency, and nowhere bigger than in the electric sector. • Thus, a sustainable future MUST start by focusing on greater fuel conversion efficiency, to reduce raw energy use, regardless of future fuel use patterns

28. GHG Emission Reduction mechanisms in Power sector • Improve efficiency of all elements in the existing power system: generation, transmission and distribution, and end-use; • Aggressively deploy higher-efficiency pulverized coal combustion technologies, such as supercritical and ultra-supercritical technologies; • Create a program for systematically assessing emerging technologies that may become important for the medium- to long-term future of the coal power sector, and develop a strategic national plan for development, adaptation and deployment of suitable technologies • Establish and enforce emissions standards for sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), and provide incentives for installing pollution-control technologies, such that carbon capture from Indian power plants is economically feasible in the future; and • Invest in a focused effort on detailed geological assessment of on-shore and off-shore carbon storage sites in India.  

29. GHG Emission Reduction mechanisms in Power sector f. Switching over to non conventional energy resources; Small Hydro Power:Most of the small hydro power projects are canal-based grid connected, while the rest are stand-alone ones that are decentralized and are managed by local community/NGOs. High investment costs for small hydropower development has impeded its penetration. Success of small hydro development depends to a large extent on local capacity building programmes, and setting up institutional arrangements for demonstration, training and awareness programmes that help in technology adaptation and maintenance.

30. GHG Emission Reduction mechanisms in Power sector Wind Power • India has a wind power capacity of 1267 MW, generating about 6.5 billion units of electricity . • It occupies the fifth position in wind power installation after Germany, USA, Denmark and Spain . • The overall potential is estimated to be 45,000 MW, with about 10,000 MW of technical potential • Latest projections by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources plan additional 10 GW of renewable capacity by 2012, out of which 6000 MW may come from wind power. • The future of wind power development lies in cost reductions, improved technical performance and financial incentives, and spread of wind power systems through global conventions and mechanisms

31. Biomass-based Power Generation/Cogeneration: Biomass, consisting of woodfuels, crop residues and animal dung continues to dominate energy supply in rural and traditional sectors, having about one-third share in the total primary energy consumption in the country. • Solar Technologies: Solar Photovoltaics (SPV) with an aggregate capacity of 47 MWp, has a two and a half percent contribution in the renewable based power generation capacity. Solar Thermal Power Generation potential in India is about 35 MW per Sq. Km . Estimates indicate 800 MW per year potential for solar thermal based power generation in India during the period 2010 to 2015

32. g.Reduction of T&D Losses through effective metering system and Proper energy accounting & auditing and improved billing & collection efficiency h.Energy End Use Efficiency End use energy efficiency improvement leads to less energy consumption, less power requirement for same usage and hence less GHG emission. Potential areas includes: Efficient motor & pumps for agricultural application Energy efficient equipments / system in industries Efficient lighting, domestic electrical appliances, air conditioning, building design etc. • R&D on upcoming technologies like the ‘fuel cell combined heat and power applications’ Combined heat and power (CHP) means the simultaneous generation of thermal and electrical power in one system. In comparison to the separate generation of heat in a domestic heating system and electricity supply from the public grid, CHP systems have the potential to save primary energy. j. Training and Awareness programmes for the concerned officials on the issue.

33. Institutional initiatives • Accelerated Power Development & Reform Program to provide support to state utility to reduce T&D losses. • Large scale Afforestation • Waste management • Promulgating Energy Conservation Act and establishing Bureau of Energy Efficiency to improve end use energy efficiency • Use of washed coal in plants 1000 Km away from mine end, in sensitive areas & suburbs • Establish GHG reduction targets and timeframes consistent with those of other states • Develop a market-based and multi-sector cap-and-trade mechanism to help achieve GHG reduction targets; and • Develop and implement other associated mechanisms and policies as needed to achieve the GHG reduction targets, such as a low-carbon fuel standard and regional incentives and funding mechanisms;

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