MEASURES FOR REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOT PRINT & GREEN HOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

1. MEASURES FOR REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOT PRINT & GREEN HOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS PRESENTED BY: Bh. Nagesh. Ph:8790767451 bhnagesh@hotmail.com

2. To determine C-FP from SHIPS WHAT IS CARBON FOOT PRINT It is “the total set of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product” 9/17/2014 2

3. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • 2013 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by different types of Gases • (percentages are based on Tg CO2 Eq.) • (Tg – teragram = 1012 g) • Source: (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/ExecutiveSummary.pdf ) 9/17/2014 3

4. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS MARINE IS INCLUDED IN TRANSPORTATION 9/17/2014 4

5. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

6. ROUTE AND VESSEL SIZES DO MATTER FOR CARBON FOOTPRINT • Rules of thumb: Larger vessels are more efficient, so use less fuel per container. Newer vessels are also generally designed to be more efficient. 9/17/2014 6

7. CO2 Emissions by Mode of Transportation Ocean shipping has the lowest environmental impact for long distance transportation. (Air to ship it is 67 times less). • Air > 1,500 km(Boeing 747-400) • 5,582 • Truck(Global Average) • 472 • 205 • Rail diesel • Rail electric(Global average) • 176 • Ocean(Avg. ML-owned vessels) • 84 • 0 • 1,000 • 2,000 • 3,000 • 4,000 • 5,000 • 6,000 • Grams of CO2 emitted per (TEU.km) CO2 emitted is 67 times more for air compared to Ocean Vessels 9/17/2014 7

8. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS How do we remove this CO2? Breakdown Carbon sink: is a reservoir of carbon that accumulates and stores carbon for an indefinite period. The main sinks are: • Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans • Photosynthesis by plants and algae to turn the carbon into plant matter • Injection of CO2 emissions deep into geological subsurface 9/17/2014 8

9. Calculating the “Carbon Footprint” for ocean shipping-Containers • CO2 Emissions • = Distance x No. of TEU x Emission Factor (g of CO2) • = km x TEU x [g of CO2 / (TEU x km)] Emissions factor is weighted average of all ships on one particular route. • 1 Basis: Greenhouse Gas Protocol ‘Distance-based methodology’ for calculating CO2 emissions. Source: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/DocRoot/7NmWvnZLTBdCB73po4tL/co2-mobile.pdf 9/17/2014 9

10. SOME GENERIC METHODS FOR REDUCTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS & GHG EMISSIONS • Emission factors calculated per container by route • Actual port-to-port, route distances • Fuel used for that route • Ship capacities for ships on that route that year

11. SOME GENERIC METHODS FOR REDUCTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS & GHG EMISSIONS • Environmental footprint • # containers X distance traveled X emissions factor • One 40-foot -- same dimensions as a city bus • Use 45-foot containers

12. WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED SO FAR IS MEASURES TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS & GHG EMISSIONS CO2 emissions can be reduced through • Understanding the sources of emissions • Choosing lower-impact modes and carriers • Marine carriers with more environmentally responsible vessels • Rail • Inland waterway transportation (barge) • Smart Way trucks • Increased supply chain efficiency 9/17/2014 12

13. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 13

14. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 14

15. UNFCCC – KYOTO PROTOCOL UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) - IN ITS KYOTO PROTOCOL DECIDED TO: The CO2 reduction level (grams of CO2 per tonne mile) for the first phase is set to 10% and will be tightened every five years to keep pace with technological developments of new efficiency and reduction measures.  The reduction rate is calculated from a reference line representing the average efficiency for ships built between 2000 and 2010. Reduction rates have been established until the period 2025 to 2030 when a 30% reduction is mandated for applicable ship types. 9/17/2014 15

16. ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDEX – MARPOL REQUIREMENTS • MARPOL 73/78, ANNEX-VI • FROM 1ST JANUARY 2013, MANDATES FOR ALL NEW SHIPS • ENERGY EFFICIENCY DESIGN INDEX (EEDI) • SHIP ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN (SEEMP) • THESE VALUES REQUIRES A MINIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEVEL PER CAPACITY MILE (example: TONNE MILE). • THE LEVEL IS TO BE TIGHTENED INCREMENTALLY EVERY FIVE YEARS. • MAJORITY OF INDIAN SHIP OWNERS ARE NOT CHANGED/GEARED YET TO IMPLEMENT THIS MANDATE. 9/17/2014 16

17. ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDEX – MARPOL REQUIREMENTS • THE EEDI & SEEMP FOR ALL SHIPS WAS THE FIRST LEGALLY BINDING CLIMATE CHANGE TREATY TO BE ADOPTED SINCE THE KYOTO PROTOCOL. (UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) • IMO - MEPC RESOLUTIONS: • MEPC.212(63) • MEPC.213(63) • MEPC.214(63) • MEPC.215(63) 9/17/2014 17

18. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS From 1 January 2013, all ships over 400GT on international voyages will be required to carry a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), detailing the operational and technical measures that will be implemented on board to improve efficiency and therefore reduce fuel • Appendages to the propulsion system at the stern of a vessel can offer ship owners and operators an easy and relatively painless solution to improving fuel efficiency without the need to order new and expensive ‘eco-ships’ 9/17/2014 18

19. MANY SMALL SIZED VESSEL OPERATORS ARE TURNING INTO DIESEL ELECTRIC PROPULSION

20. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT EFFORTS FROM THE OTHER NATIONS • Japanese shipbuilder Imabari Shipbuilding has introduced a unique solution that could help combat two of shippings biggest challenges; • (i) piracy and (ii) energy efficiency. • The technology, called Aero-Citadel, introduces a streamlined and aerodynamic shape to a ships superstructure and other advances in the vessels accommodation block, engine room , and funnel casing. • The design also includes a built in citadel along other piracy prevention measures. 9/17/2014 20

21. JAPANESE SHIP BUILDER – IMBRARI SHIP BUILDING NEW SHIP DESIGN HAVING GOOD ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES & PIRATE DEFENSIVE 9/17/2014 21

22. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT • AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • The exterior design was developed through extensive wind tunnel testing that Imabari says could potentially lead to a reduction in wind pressure and drag by up to 25 or 30% • All stairs leading to the bridge are placed on the inside of the superstructure and the entrance on lower level deck is equipped with thicker, reinforced steel doors to make it more difficult for intruders to enter. • In addition the stairs and entranceway, the windows are equipped with bulletproof glass, and water cannons are placed on the upper deck to help blast attacking pirates. 9/17/2014 22

23. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • The superstructure also includes a citadel with enough supplies to accommodate crewmembers for several days, and is protected by double-layer security doors. • Inside the citadel, the facility features communication equipment running on its own independent power source, ship maneuvering equipment that can shut off the main engine and steering gear, and surveillance equipment allowing access to vessel data, including video, picture and sound. • In addition to the unique superstructure shape and anti-piracy measures, the accommodation block features energy efficient LED lighting and noise and vibration insulation for enhanced crew comfort, and a wheelhouse with a widened backward view for safer navigation. 9/17/2014 23

25. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is an operational measure that establishes a mechanism to improve the energy efficiency of a ship in a cost-effective manner.  The SEEMP also provides an approach for shipping companies to manage ship and fleet efficiency performance over time using, for example, the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a monitoring tool. 9/17/2014 25

26. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) The guidance on the development of the SEEMP for new and existing ships are given in (MEPC.1/Circ.684).  The SEEMP urges the ship owner and operator at each stage of the plan to consider new technologies and practices when seeking to optimise the performance of a ship. 9/17/2014 26

27. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • The EEOI enables operators to measure the fuel efficiency of a ship in operation and to gauge the effect of any changes in operation. • Example: • Improved voyage planning (or) • more frequent propeller cleaning, (or) • introduction of technical measures such as waste heat recovery systems (or) • a new propeller.  9/17/2014 27

28. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS How the U.S. compares • 23.6% • Top 8 countries make 44% of CO2 9/17/2014 28

29. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 29

30. RECENT MONTHLY MEAN AT MAUNA LOA • CO2 concentrations at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii (Recent) • Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html 9/17/2014 30

31. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS What about before 1960? 9/17/2014 31

32. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • Changes in the average global temperature relative to the mean temperature during the 20th century • Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recenttc_triad.html 9/17/2014 32

33. Drivers of Carbon Emissions and Reduction Potentials • Ways to reduce emissions (examples) • Part of supply chain • Driver ofemissions • Higher container utilisation • Use of more eco-friendly carriers • Ocean transportation • Volume moved • km covered • Air transportation • Air to Sea-Air conversion • kg moved • km covered • Higher container utilisation • 20’ to 40’ conversion • CFS-CY conversion • Port moves • Number of containers • Transportation mode (truck vs. rail) • km covered • Volume moved • Higher utilisation of delivery trucks/vans • Double-decker trailers • Increased use of rail • Use of bio-fuel • Domestic distribution • Number of days in warehouse • Number of CBM • Warehousing • Reduce safety stock • DC bypassing 9/17/2014 33

34. SUGGESTIVE MEASURES FOR -REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • There is a method of marine adaptation and migration of a commercial land based carbon foot print reduction system (used in Power plants and other land based facilities), integrated to the platform of a proven marine fuel saving system. • To leverage proven existing technologies that have been successfully applied to land-based emission sources and integrate it into a proven marine energy conservation system to develop a system that will measure and minimize Carbon Foot Print (CFP) and further increase fuel efficiency. 9/17/2014 34

35. The proposed system will, in real time, measure and record the shipboard energy consumption and CFP to allow continuous CFP Benchmarking. Management, Control and feed information and instructions to allow additional implementation of continuous energy consumption and CFP improvements. The proposed system will allow the ship’s Engineers and the ship’s operations managers to make operational and other changes to optimize fuel consumption and minimize the CFP. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 35

36. The predominant constituent of GHG is CO2. Method-I: Carbon emissions can be determined by either direct monitoring of CO2 emissions using: Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) or calculation from proper emission factors, fuel consumption, and relevant operating parameters. Method-II: Parametric Emission Monitoring System (PEMS). PEMS relies on operating parameters that are already monitored for operating purposes (e.g., fuel consumption, combustion parameters, etc) and sometime apply advanced algorithms such as neural network to predict emissions. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 36

37. The protocol embedded also addresses the carbon associated with stored energy that is brought on board and consumed. This may include batteries, supplied shore power at port, etc., which reduce the overall carbon footprint as compared to shipboard power. Using the system the CFP can be determined at individual vessel level or fleet level. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS 9/17/2014 37

38. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

39. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • This system provides a fundamental basis and foundation for the phased effort to provide each ship with a self managed energy conservation and carbon footprint reduction system. 9/17/2014 39

40. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • shipboard systems have many more variables and modes of operation. • A ship is more complex and has many more, smaller systems than say a power generation plant on shore. • This includes items such as the propulsion plant, power generation system, boilers and on board incinerators. 9/17/2014 40

41. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • The ship’s Master and Chief Engineer are able to change many variables like; • ship speed, course, loads on the electrical bus, number of generators on line, Engine RPMs, ship’s ballast condition, hull trim, etc) • and the ship operations manager can change many others (like route, sailings, loading, hull and equipment maintenance status, etc). 9/17/2014 41

42. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS The system will help the ship owner to document the reductions and use the reductions as emissions credits or for positive public relations efforts. THUS EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) & EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operative Index) can be achieved and monitored for further reductions as stipulated in MARPOL Annex-VI. 9/17/2014 42

43. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • The computer based route optimization and weather data display package provides masters with the tools upon which to conduct efficient voyage planning with resultant improved safety and voyage performance. • Optimum route - either for minimum time or minimum fuel. • Alternatively the master can set certain weather thresholds which should be avoided along the optimized route as well as define no go areas that are blocked for the optimization. • The Master can then compare this Optimum track with any number of reasonable alternatives. while reducing fuel consumption. 9/17/2014 43

44. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • As such the features achieved are: • Standard Optimum Ship Routing Service • Forecasting storm strength and effects • Resonance Alerts • Fleet managers can see in an instant, all in one • place, information that could have otherwise • taken hours to gather from many sources. • Vessels appear on the globe as color-coded icons • that can be customized to provide fleet managers • with alerts regarding ship performance, fuel • consumption/carbon emissions, weather • conditions, ETAs or other factors. 9/17/2014 44

45. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • Optimizing Operating Parameters: • As the emissions are directly related to the consumption of fuel onboard, the various options considered will be evaluated according to influence on fuel consumption. • The ultimate goal is to arrive at the optimum energy used per cargo ton mile for each ship. Even as this baseline is iteratively determined for each existing ship’s current configuration, further efficiency improvements, reduced energy consumption and reduced GHG emissions can be incorporated by implementation of maintenance techniques and configuration changes discussed later. 9/17/2014 45

46. OPTIMIZING OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS TO CONTROL THE FUEL CONSUMPTION • Choice of speed: • For any ship in a given condition, the fuel oil consumption, and thus the green house gas (GHG) emission, will mostly be a function of energy consumed to attain the ship’s speed. Most ship engines, running at reduced speed or slow steaming could have problems. Such problems may be vibrations (critical RPM of the engine shaft) and accelerated soot accumulation due to incomplete combustion in the exhausted gas channel. Thus a favorable balance of speed and GHG emission will need to be reached. 9/17/2014 46

47. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • 2. Speed or Power Variation: • Constant speed or power variations during a • voyage, compared to steady running, increase in • fuel consumption. • 3. Weather Routing: • Varying weather, current and depth conditions • during a voyage affect the ship’s speed, which • can result in an energy savings potential of 3-5%. 9/17/2014 47

48. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • 4. Optimal Trim: • Optimal trim to attain maximum speed at a given mean draft and engine power can result in an energy saving potential between 0.1-1.0%. • 5. Optimal Propeller Pitch: • Optimal propeller pitch on CP propellers can • provide an energy saving potential between 0.1-2 %. 9/17/2014 48

49. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • 6. Minimum Ballast: • Decreasing ballast and extra bunker to a minimum could result in an energy saving potential between 0.1-1 %. • 7. Improved Fleet Planning: • Better utilization of fleet capacity can often be • achieved by improved fleet planning. An increased • fleet utilization will result in reduction in energy • consumption and hence reduction in the GHG • emissions. 9/17/2014 49

50. REDUCTION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS • 8. Optimal Rudder: • Steady rudder / Minimum Rudder angle variations to keep total fuel consumption at a minimum with autopilot adjustments could provide an energy saving potential between • 0.1- 0.3 %. • 9. Vessel Capacity Utilization: • This will directly influence total GHG emissions. 9/17/2014 50