Indicators on undernourishment and critical food poverty at national and sub-national levels

1. Indicators on undernourishment and critical food poverty at national and sub-national levels Ricardo Sibrian Senior Statistician Statistics Division, FAO

2. Poverty (extreme) as measured by indicator MDG 1.1 and undernourishment as measured by indicator MDG 1.9 MDG indicator number 1.1: Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) (distribution of income or proxy total expenditure $/person/day) MDG indicator 1.9: Proportion of population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption (distribution of energy consumption Kcals/person/day)

3. Strong non-linear relationship between GDPppp and DEC (limited to GDP data available)

4. Strong non-linear relationship between MDG1.9 and MDG1.9 (limited to extreme poverty data available)

5. Strong relationship between MDG1.1 and MDG1.9 in SSA, SA, EA and EECA • Extreme poverty higher than undernourishement in SSA, SA, EA and EECA

6. FOOD ACCESS AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Food sources Food consumption expenditure Consumption Expenditure Food purchase Food receipts free Food receipts as payment Own-production (crop/livestock/ fish/hunt/indust) Food received at work-place Non-food consumption expenditure needs Non-essential consumption expenditures Sources of income Asset accumulation (investment) and savings Sales Income Non-agric production Trading (Food/ Non-Food) Employment (Food/Non-Food) Cash receipts Debts incurred Resource flows LIVELIHOODS FAO 2007 (from WFP 2006)

7. FOOD DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of food deprivation Under the assumption of log normal distribution - MDER = Energy intake acceptable as minimum requirement -  = Standard normal cumulative distribution with parameters  and  defined as and where, x = average energy intake CVx = Energy intake inequality under lognormal distribution

8. FOOD DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of food deprivation MDER Minimum dietary energy requirement Weighted by sex and age population structure. Energy required by persons of the same sex and age in population groups with:  minimum body weight (5th percentile) for attained height as in the standard reference population and minimum sedentary physical activity  allowance for physical growth in children and adolescents  as well as allowance for pregnancy and lactation.

9. FOOD DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of food deprivation  CV(due to income)=CV(x|v) =  (x|v) / (x)  CV(due to requirements)=CV(x|r)  0.20

10. INCOME DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of critical food poverty Under the assumption of log normal distribution - MDERcost = Cost of energy intake acceptable as minimum requirement -  = Standard normal cumulative distribution with parameters  and  defined as and with,µ(v) = Income level, CV (v) = Income inequality under lognormal distribution assumption

11. INCOME DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of critical food poverty Cost of MDER (Minimum dietary energy requirement) Nutrient costs (protein, fat and carbohydrate) for balanced MDER to provide:  12.5 percent of energy from protein ;  22.5 percent of energy from fat ;  65 percent of energy from carbohydrate With nutrient prices in households of the lowest income quintile (lowest 20 percent of households of low income or proxy total expenditure).

12. INCOME DEPRIVATION: Prevalence of critical food poverty CV(v) =  (v) / (v) where,

13. Strong relationship between undernourishment and income levels • Different income effects on undernourishment among countries

14. Different urban and rural undernourishment among countries • Rural may be more undernourished than urban but not always

15. Food poverty and critical food poverty were higher in rural than in urban areas • Food poverty was higher than undernourishment in rural, no in urban • Critical food poverty was lower than undernourishment in urban, no in rural

16. Critical food poverty and undernourishment were higher in female headed than male headed households

17. Thank you