Tuesday November 29,2016

1. Note – Project – The review packet should be completed and turned in on 11/28 (Your final project grade, essential to pass this class) TuesdayNovember 29,2016 GPS - SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match). b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation. c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature. Catalyst: Given, Un Known , equation &Solution must be shown. What is the current if the voltage is 18 volts and resistance is 7 ohms? Learning targets, Our goal is 80% I can Identify energy transformations within a system I can differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation I can calculate for potential and kinetic energy I candifferentiate the various forms of energy I can relate energy and work I can relate determine the heat capacity of a substance I can explain the difference in mass and weight And answer a question like this: Topic: Electricity Essential Question: How is current, voltage and resistance related? Identify the different types of energy transformation in each cases a)Windmill b) Flash light 3)microwave

2. Agenda - Milestones Domain/Weight: Atomic and Nuclear Theory and the Periodic Table 25%

3. Ch. 18 - Waves & Sound I. Characteristics of Waves • Waves • Transverse waves • Longitudinal waves • Measuring waves

4. A. Waves • Waves • rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space • Medium • material through which a wave transfers energy • solid, liquid, gas, or combination • electromagnetic waves don’t need a medium (e.g. visible light)

5. B. Waves & Energy • Waves • Carry energy • Waves are caused by vibrations • Can do work • Move objects • Energy • Waves carry energy • Vibration is a transfer of energy • As waves carry energy the particles in the medium move • the direction of the motion determines the type of wave

6. C. Categories of Waves • Mechanical Waves • Must travel through a medium • Cannot travel through a vacuum • Examples: sound, ocean waves • Electromagnetic Waves • Does not require a medium • Can be transferred through a vacuum • Examples: light, UV rays, Visible light

7. D. Types of Waves • Two Types: Longitudinal Transverse

8. D. Transverse Waves • Transverse Waves • medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave motion • Examples: water waves, electromagnetic waves

9. crests wavelength amplitude amplitude nodes wavelength troughs B. Transverse Waves • Wave Anatomy corresponds to the amount of energy carried by the wave

10. E. Longitudinal Waves • Longitudinal Waves (a.k.a. compressional waves) • medium moves in the same direction as the wave’s motion • Examples: sound waves, springs, slinky

11. compression wavelength rarefaction wavelength E. Longitudinal Waves • Wave Anatomy Amount of compression corresponds to amount of energy AMPLITUDE

12. 1 second F. Measuring Waves • Frequency( f ) • # of waves passing a point in 1 second • SI unit: Hertz (Hz) • shorter wavelength  higher frequency  higher energy

13. F. Measuring Waves 1 Frequency = period ( ) or period = the amount of time for one cycle to do a complete motion Cycle second Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). 1Hz = 1 wave per second

14. F. Measuring Waves • Velocity ( v ) • speed of a wave as it moves forward • depends on wave type and medium v = × f v: velocity (m/s) : wavelength (m) f: frequency (Hz)

15. F. Measuring Waves Solid Liquid Molecules are farther apart but can slide past one another so waves do not travel as fast. • Molecules are close together so waves travel very quickly. Gas • Molecules are very far apart so a molecule has to travel far before it hits another molecule, so waves travel slowest in gases.

16. v f  F. Measuring Waves • EX: Find the velocity of a wave in a wave pool if its wavelength is 3.2 m and its frequency is 0.60 Hz. WORK: v =  × f v = (3.2 m)(0.60 Hz) v= 1.92 m/s GIVEN: v = ?  = 3.2 m f = 0.60 Hz

17. v f  F. Measuring Waves • EX: An earthquake produces a wave that has a wavelength of 417 m and travels at 5000 m/s. What is its frequency? WORK: f = v ÷  f = (5000 m/s) ÷ (417 m) f= 12 Hz GIVEN:  = 417 m v = 5000 m/s f = ?

18. Ch. 17 – Waves II. Wave Behavior • Reflection • Refraction • Diffraction • Interference • Constructive Interference • Destructive Interference • Doppler effect

19. A. Wave Interactions • Wave Interaction • When a wave meets an object or another wave. • When a wave passes into another medium • Examples: reflection, diffraction, refraction, interference, resonance

20. Normal incident beam reflected beam A. Reflection • Reflection • when a wave strikes an object and bounces off

21. A. Reflection • When a wave bounces off a surface that is cannot pass through

22. SLOWER FASTER B. Refraction • Refraction • bending of waves when passing from one medium to another • caused by a change in speed • slower (more dense) light bends toward the normal • faster (less dense) light bends away from the normal

23. B. Refraction • The bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle.

24. B. Refraction • Refraction depends on… • speed of light in the medium • wavelength of the light - shorter wavelengths (blue)bend more

25. B. Refraction • Example: View explanation.

26. C. Diffraction • The bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening.

27. C. Diffraction • Diffraction • bending of waves around a barrier • longer wavelengths (red) bend more - opposite of refraction

28. D. Interference • The interaction of two or more waves that combine in a region of overlap

29. D. Interference • Two types of Interference • constructive brighter light • destructive dimmer light

30. E/F. Constructive & Destructive Interference • Both are caused by two or more waves interacting, but… • Constructive interference combines the energies of the two waves into a greater amplitude • Destructive interference reduces the energies of the two waves into a smaller amplitude.

31. G. Doppler Effect A change in wave frequency caused by movement of sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

32. Ch. 18 - Waves & Sound III. The Nature of Sound • Speed of Sound • Human hearing • Doppler effect • Seeing with sound

33. A. Speed of Sound • 344 m/s in air at 20°C • Depends on: • Type of medium • travels better through solids than through liquids • can’t travel through a vacuum • Temperature of medium • travels faster at higher temperatures

34. B. Human Hearing sound wave vibrates ear drum amplified by bones converted to nerve impulses in cochlea

35. B. Human Hearing • Pitch • highness or lowness of a sound • depends on frequency of sound wave • human range: 20 - 20,000 Hz ultrasonic waves subsonic waves

36. B. Human Hearing • Intensity • volume of sound • depends on energy (amplitude) of sound wave • measured in decibels (dB)

37. B. Human Hearing DECIBEL SCALE 120 110 100 80 70 40 18 10 0

38. C. Doppler Effect • Doppler Effect • change in wave frequency caused by a moving wave source • moving toward you - pitch sounds higher • moving away from you - pitch sounds lower

39. lower frequency higher frequency C. Doppler Effect Stationary source Moving source Supersonic source waves combine to produce a shock wave called a sonic boom same frequency in all directions

40. Medical Imaging SONAR “Sound Navigation Ranging” D. Seeing with Sound • Ultrasonic waves - above 20,000 Hz

41. IV. Electromagnetic Radiation (p.528-535) • EM Radiation • EM Spectrum • Types of EM Radiation

42. A. Electromagnetic Radiation • Electromagnetic Radiation • transverse waves produced by the motion of electrically charged particles • does not require a medium • speed in a vacuum = 300,000 km/s • electric and magnetic components are perpendicular

43. The full range of light B. Electromagnetic Spectrum

44. B. Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum long  low f low energy short  high f high energy

45. C. Types of EM Radiation • Rabbits Meet In Very Unusual Xciting Gardens

46. C. Types of EM Radiation • Radio waves • Lowest energy EM radiation • FM - frequency modulation • AM - amplitude modulation • Microwaves • penetrate food and vibrate water & fat molecules to produce thermal energy

47. C. Types of EM Radiation • Infrared Radiation(IR) • slightly lower energy than visible light • can raise the thermal energy of objects • thermogram - image made by detecting IR radiation

48. R O Y G. B I V red orange yellow green blue indigo violet C. Types of EM Radiation • Visible Light • small part of the spectrum we can see • ROY G. BIV - colors in order of increasing energy

49. C. Types of EM Radiation • Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) • slightly higher energy than visible light • Types: • UVA - tanning, wrinkles • UVB - sunburn, cancer • UVC - most harmful, sterilization

50. C. Types of EM Radiation • Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) • Ozone layer depletion = UV exposure!