Tuesday, November 12

1. Tuesday, November 12 • What is the definition of motivation? What are some characteristics of motivated behavior? • List some Biological Needs. • List some Social and/or Psychological Needs. • Are there any biological needs that can also be psychological needs? • Today’s Topic: Test and Theories of Motivation • Upcoming Dates: • Tonight’s HW • Read pages 327-339 • Theories of Motivation • Start New Terms • Test: • Wednesday, 11/29

2. Motivation AP Psych Myers, Unit 8A

3. Motivation • a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior • Aron Ralston – cut off own arm while trapped in canyon (127 Hours) • What factors motivated him to do this? • 4 theories of motivation

4. Wednesday, November 15 Objective: Identify and explain the different theories of motivation • List some Biological Needs. • List some Social and/or Psychological Needs. • Are there any biological needs that can also be psychological needs? • Name one thing that you have been unmotivated to do. Why do you think you were unmotivated? • Can you think of one thing that you would love to accomplish in the next 10 years that would require a lot of motivation? • Today’s Topic: Theories of Motivation • Upcoming Dates: • Tonight’s HW • Read pages 331-339 • Start New Terms • Test: • Wednesday, 11/29

5. If you were hungry or lonely, which would you satisfy first? • Biological Needs • Social/Psychological Needs

6. Instinct Theory(Evolutionary) • Behaviors are motivated by instincts • a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned • Genes predispose species-typical behavior • Rooting reflex • Fight/flight • Reproduction

7. Drive-Reduction Theory and Incentive Theory • Idea that physiological needs creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates (pushes) an organism to satisfy the need. • Desire to maintain homeostasis • Constant, balanced internal state • Incentive Theory (remember rewards?) • Pushed by needs, pulled by incentives • Environmental stimuli that motivate behavior • For each motive we can ask, “How is it pushed by inborn physiological needs and pulled by incentives in the environment?”

8. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Prioritized pyramid of human needs • beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. • Not universal set but a basic framework for motivation

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

10. Optimum Arousal Theory • Too little or too much stimulation can motivate people to find an optimum state of arousal • Ex: curiosity-driven behaviors • Alex Honnold • Wing Suits

11. 60 Minutes: Going to Extremes. • What are the extrinsic motivators for Alex/Wingsuits? • What are the intrinsic motivators for Alex/Wingsuits? • Do you think the scenario reflects mostly extrinsic or intrinsic motivation?

12. Warm-up: • Identify the following theories of motivation: • Evolutionary Theory • Drive-Reduction Theory • Optimal Arousal Theory

13. Objective: Discuss the physiological, psychological, and situational influences on hunger. Thursday, November 16 • What was the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of Mark Retzen (the Sharkman)? • Identify the following theories of motivation: • Incentive Theory • Drive-Reduction Theory • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Optimal Arousal Theory • Today’s Topic: Hunger • Upcoming Dates: • Tonight’s HW • Read pages 343-352 • Terms • Test: • Wednesday, 11/29

14. Protocol Directions: • After the questions is presented, you will have 2 minutes to silently write down notes to prepare. • Group member #1 will have 90 seconds to speak (if you are done speaking, just sit there in silence). Afterwards, the other two group members and the original speaker can then all contribute for 2-3 minutes. • Continue with the next question and process starting with group member #2. • Continue with the next question and process starting with group member #3.

15. Microlabs Protocol: Motivation • How could people use knowledge and theories of motivation in schools to help students and optimize student performance? • How could people use knowledge and theories of motivation in the workplace to help with worker satisfaction and productivity? • How could people use knowledge and theories of motivation in the workplace to focus on hiring the right people and developing them to optimize worker performance?

16. Debrief • How did this go for you? What worked well, and what was difficult? Why? • How did the silence feel? Why do you think it felt that way? • How might the conversations have been different had we not used this method? • What are the advantages/disadvantages of using this activity?

17. Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology • The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces • Personnel psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development • Organizational psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

18. HUNGER “Hunger is the most urgent form of poverty.” – Alliance to End Hunger, 2002

19. Starving for Science – Ancel Keys • Describe the impact of starvation both physiologically and psychologically.

20. Starving for Science • Ancel Keys (1950) • 36 male volunteers • Fed half of the required food to maintain weight for 6 months • Conservation of energy • Rapid weight loss to 25% below starting weight • Obsession with food • Lost interest in anything that was not food

21. The Physiology of Hunger • Cannon and Washburn (1912) • swallowed a balloon to measure stomach contractions • found that the stomach contracts when the body feels hunger pangs • Hunger can persist even without a stomach… what else triggers hunger?

22. Biological - Body Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Blood sugar that provides the major source of energy to body tissues • When low, we feel hunger • Monitored in the brain • Appetite hormones • Insulin – regulates glucose • Ghrelin – hunger producing • PYY – hunger decreasing • Leptin – metabolism increasing Orexin

23. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Hypothalamus largely controls and monitors hunger • Lateral hypothalamus – brings hunger by producing the hormone orexin when glucose levels drop • Lower mid-hypothalamus (ventromedial) – depresses hunger

24. http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/psychsim5/Hunger%20And%20The%20Fat%20Rat/PsychSim_Shell.htmlhttp://bcs.worthpublishers.com/psychsim5/Hunger%20And%20The%20Fat%20Rat/PsychSim_Shell.html

25. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Set point • the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set; predisposed by heredity • Basal metabolic rate • the body’s resting rate of energy exposure • Less food intake – lower • More food intake – higher

26. The Psychology of Hunger • We remember our last meal and anticipate our next. • Studies done with amnesiac patients • Taste preferences • Genetic and universal for sweet and salty • Conditioned • Cultural traditions • Naturally avoid unfamiliar foods (evolutionary) • Adaptive

27. Eating Disorders • What are the two types of eating disorders? Briefly describe them. • What are some possible causes for eating disorders?

28. Eating Disorders • When psychological factors take precedence over physiological needs and homeostatic pressures • Anorexia nervosa • An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. • Bulimia nervosa • An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

29. Eating Disorders Possible causes for eating disorders • Nurture • Familial traditions of weight emphasis, competition, and achievement • Unrealistic idea of ideal gender identities • Cultural expectations across time  poor body images • Media – fashion, ads, toys, supermodels, celebrities • Nature • Genetics – identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins or siblings to share an eating disorder