The Future of the Navy-Coast Guard Relationship in Canada

1. The Future of the Navy-Coast Guard Relationship in Canada Atlantic Council of Canada Roundtable 13 September 2012 ken.hansen@dal.ca 902-494-6444 Halifax MARINE RESEARCH Institute

2. Aim • To conduct a ‘blue sky’ vision session • To discuss five questions in open forum

3. CFPS Research Workshop CFPS Research Project “Western Hemisphere Perspectives and Approaches to Future Maritime Security Challenges” Conducted: 27-29 October 2011 Published: 22 June 2010

4. Five Questions • How does the Canadian Navy-Coast Guard Relationship compare internationally? • Should the Canadian Coast Guard be armed? • What should the role of the Canadian Coast Guard be in time of conflict or war? • Should the Royal Canadian Navy do more or less in support of Canadian law enforcement? • How will the relationship between the RCN and CCG evolve in arctic patrolling operations?

5. Outline • The geographic context • The CCG-Navy by the Numbers (Q1) • A Typology Analysis of Ships (Q2) • The Relationship in Conflict and War (Q3) • The Roles of the Sea Services (Q4) • Navy-Coast Guard in the Arctic (Q5)

6. Present Size of Canada’s Offshore

7. Future Size of Canada’s Offshore +33.9%

8. CFPS Research Project 150 states have coastlines – 72 have coast guards

9. Coast Guard & Navy 63 Military Coast Guard & Navy 9 USN USCG Para Military Coast Guard & Navy 53 Navy 2 Civil Coast Guard 2 ? RCN CCG Navy Only 28 RCMP Coast Guard Only 9

10. CFPS Research Workshop Landmass = 1: 1.01 Strategy Begins with Awareness – Similarities & Differences Republic Currency History Policies Strategy Driven 9/11 Language Free Societies Allied Economies Democracies Borders Arts Sports Families United States Coastline = 1: 10.29 Canada Monarchy Currency History Policies Management Driven Pop., Economy, Capacity = 10: 1 Context, Context, Context is Key Source: Hansen – Rutgers University, “Institutional Misalignment,” 8 November 2011

11. ‘Average’ Coast Guard(s) by Pop. Avg. civilian model is 27.2% of the manpower strength of the regular force naval strength = 2,998 people; Average paramilitary model is 20.9% of naval strength = 2,304 people; or Average military model runs is 12.2% of naval strength = 1,345 people. In Canada, the CCG is 84.2% of naval strength = 9,350 people. Source: J Matthew Gillis, The Global Navy/Coast Guard Relationship, CFPS, 2010

12. Question #1 How does the Canadian Navy-Coast Guard Relationship compare internationally?

13. Typology of Vessels Military Civil Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

14. Combatants • Naval, Coastguard and Government-owned vessels/craft which possess some sort of inherent armed or combat capability primarily intended for offensive use. The general rationale behind the groupings for combatant vessels is as follows: • SS - Submarines • DD - Principle Surface Combatants • PB - [Coastal] Patrol Vessels • PC - River/Roadstead Patrol Vessels • MM - Mine Warfare Vessels • LL - Amphibious Warfare Vessels • WW - Coastguard: All vessels or craft owned or operated by a Coastguard service V – Police vessel or craftZ – Government vessel or craft Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

15. Non-Combatants • Auxiliary, Service Support or Merchant/Recreational Vessel types, which tend to be role specific. They may possess an armed or combat capability intended primarily for self defence purposes. The general groupings follow: • AA - Auxiliary Vessels (General) • YY - Service Craft • VJ – Police Hovercraft • ZS – Government Submersibles • TM – Merchant (General) • TU – Fishing (General) • YAC – Pleasure Craft (Yacht) Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

16. ? ? Naval CoastGuard ? Typology of Vessels (I) Military Civil Non-Combatants Combatants 7 types 5 types YAC TM/U VJ/ZS YY AA WDD LL MM PC PB DD SS CoastGuard Navy Armed - Offensive Armed - Defensive Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

17. Non-Combatants • Auxiliary, Service Support or Merchant/Recreational Vessel types, which tend to be role specific. They may possess an armed or combat capability intended primarily for self defence purposes. The general groupings follow: • AA - Auxiliary Vessels (General)Service and Support • YY - Service CraftGovernment Owned • VJ – Police Hovercraft • ZS – Government SubmersiblesMerchant • TM – Merchant (General) • TU – Fishing (General)Recreational • YAC – Pleasure Craft (Yacht) Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

18. Typology of Vessels (II) Military Civil Non-Combatants Combatants 7 types 5 types Government-owned Civil Service Support Auxiliary WDD LL MM PC PB DD SS CoastGuard Navy YAC TM/U VJ/ZS YY AA Armed - Offensive Unarmed Armed - Defensive Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

19. AD/AS/AR ‘Support’ AE/AF/AO ‘Supply’ [Canadian] Typology of Vessels Military Civil Non-Combatants Combatants 5 types 6 types Government-owned Civil Service Support Auxiliary Naval YAC TM/U WPGB VJ/ZS YY AOR LL MM PC PB DD SS ‘Sustain’ Unarmed Armed - Defensive Armed - Offensive Source: Hansen, “Canadian Naval Operational Logistics: Lessons Learned, Lost, and Relearned?” The Northern Mariner, Vol. XX, No. 4 (October 2010): 361-383.

20. Hybridized Vessels Problems Military Civil Non-Combatants Combatants 5 types 6 types Government-owned Civil Service Support Auxiliary Naval YAC TM/U WPGB VJ/ZS YY AOR LL MM PC PB DD SS ‘Sustain’ Cdn Coast Guard T-AGB AOPS? JSS? US Military Sealift T-AKE T-AFS Unarmed Armed - Defensive Armed - Offensive Source: NATO Standardization Agreement 1166MT “Standard Ship Designator System,” 2 Oct. 2000

21. Cross-Border Crime “Crime moves swiftly to exploit ‘gap’ areas” • Two-way problem • Criminal organizations seek vulnerabilities in geography and enforcement • Organized crime is the most prevalent threat encountered • Over 100 crime groups and 90 criminal entrepreneurs involved in cross-border crime Link: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ibet-eipf/reports-rapports/2010-threat-menace-eng.htm Source: CSupt. Joe Oliver, RCMP, Maritime Security Workshop, 29 October 2011

22. Culture ? ? ? A National Alignment Plan? Gov’t National Cmtte Dept Dept Panel Institutional Level of Directing Authority Manager Tactical Collaborate Conglomerate Conflict Coexist Coordinate Cooperate Degree of Alignment Source: Hansen – CJSOE Security Conf., “Institutional Change,” 4 June 2012

23. Question #2 Should the Canadian Coast Guard be armed?

24. National Shipbuilding Strategy 28 Large Vessels • Combat Ships: • Arctic & Offshore Patrol Ships (6+2) • Canadian Surface Combatants (15) • Non-Combat Ships: • CCG Science Vessels (4) • DND Joint Support Ships (2+1) • CCG Polar Icebreaker (1) Source: NSPS Media Tech Briefing, 18 Oct 2011

25. The Peace-Conflict Continuum Source: WT. Johnsen, Redefining Land Power for the 21st Century, US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1998

26. Coast Guard in Conflict or War? Far from emphasizing the extreme case of amphibious assault against defended beachheads, traditional naval support roles in expeditionary warfare most commonly involve cover, administrative support, and supply operations. These are not departures from history. Rather, they are the usual, but nonetheless essential, roles of naval forces in expeditionary warfare. Source: Milan Vego, Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 269.

27. Questions #3 What should the role of the Canadian Coast Guard be in time of conflict or war?

28. The Three Functional Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Diplomatic Role Constabulary Role Use of the Sea Military Role Ken Booth’s Triangle - Navies and Foreign Policies, 1977, 15-16. Adapted from: Securing Canada’s Ocean Frontier, 2005, 18.

29. A “Tri-Modal” Force Structure • Military Role (How will Canada fight?)- High-end combat capabilities- Sustainment of Operations • Constabulary Role (When to use naval force?)- Low-end combat capabilities- Support to OGDs • Diplomatic Role (What do Canadians expect?)- Support to Humanitarian Support & Disaster Relief- Supply to Capacity Building and Assistance Efforts Adapted from: Hughes, “A Bi-Modal Force Structure for National Maritime Strategy,” Naval War College Review, Spring 2007, 29-47.

30. The Three Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Diplomatic Role Constabulary Role Use of the Sea Military Role In the presence of a recognized military threat. Ken Booth’s Triangle - Navies and Foreign Policies, 1977, 15-16. Source: Hansen, POLI 3591, Issues in Contemporary Maritime Security, Lecture 8.

31. Where is the Navy Going? Future Surface Combatants? Image:http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/images/future_surface_combatant3.jpg

32. Ken Booth’s Triangle - Navies and Foreign Policies, 1977, 15-16. Diplomatic Role Military Role Use of the Sea Constabulary Role When criminal activity impedes or restricts legitimate activity. The Three Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Source: Hansen, POLI 3591, Issues in Contemporary Maritime Security, Lecture 8.

33. Where is the navy going? Naval Arctic & Offshore Patrol Ship? Source: http://www.forces.gc.ca/admmat-smamat/documents/Big%20AOPS%20pics/AOaftstbd2.jpg

34. Where is the coast guard going? Mid-shore Patrol Cutters? Specifications for the new Mid-Shore Patrol Vessel / Damen Stan Patrol 4207:Length overall:  42.80 mSpeed range:  23.0 - 30.0 knots (42.6 - 55.5 km/h)Ship's Boat:     RHIB (rigid hull inflatable boat) Source: http://www.casr.ca/doc-news-mid-shore-patrol-vessel-2009.htm Image: http://www.damen.nl/PRODUCTS/Damen_Stan_Patrol_4207.aspx?mId=8643&rId=150&Big=1

35. Ken Booth’s Triangle - Navies and Foreign Policies, 1977, 15-16. Military Role Constabulary Role Use of the Sea Diplomatic Role When foreign policy goals/national interest are at stake. The Three Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Source: Hansen, POLI 3591, Issues in Contemporary Maritime Security, Lecture 8.

36. Where is the navy going? JSS or Oiler-Replenisher? Left - Berlin-class (Germany) Right - Mistral-class amphibious assault, command and force projection ship (France) Images: German and French navies.

37. Ken Booth’s Triangle – Adapted for the ‘New Security Environment’. Order Diplomatic Role Reputation Good Governance Constabulary Role Response Compassion Respect Military Role Peace The Three Roles of ‘Maritime Security Forces’ Source: Hansen, POLI 3591, Issues in Contemporary Maritime Security, Lecture 8.

38. Questions #4 Should the Royal Canadian Navy do more or less in support of Canadian law enforcement?

39. Canada’s 18 Icebreakers Arctic/Gulf Icebreakers River Icebreakers Source: Hansen – Sino-Canadian Conf., “Practical Arctic Security,” 26 June 2012

40. CCGS Louis St. Laurent ‘Heavy’ [Arctic] Icebreaker Image: shipspotting.net

41. CCGS AmundsenT1200-class ‘Medium’ [Gulf] Icebreaker Image: Marc Tawil Arctic Net

42. CCGS Sir William AlexanderT1100-class ‘Light’ [River] Icebreaker Image: shipspotter.com

43. AOPS Deficiencies? • “Endurance: 6,800 nm at 14 knots transit speed– 6,800 nm ‘not enough’ according to CCG; – Should be able to increase range with speed of 10 knots (+/-10,000 nm).” • AOPS is “slow and dumb” according to Senator Colin Kenny; it is a “slushbreaker.” Source: AOPS Briefing, Project Manager, Dalhousie University, 5 Oct 2011.

44. Where Does AOPS ‘fit’ as an Icebreaker?

45. Arctic ? Gulf/Arctic ? River 25 CCG Class Comparisons (I) 20 15 St Laurent Displacement 10 T1200 5 T1100 Kt 2.5 3.0 3.5 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Range KNM

46. Arctic/Gulf ? River 25 CCG Class Comparisons (II) KW St Laurent 20 Power 15 T1200 10 T1100 5 2.5 3.0 3.5 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Km³ Bunkers

47. Gulf/ Arctic ? ? River AOPS AOPS 25 AOPS Class Analysis KW St Laurent 20 Power 15 T1200 St Laurent Displacement 10 T1100 T1200 5 T1100 Kt 2.5 3.0 3.5 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Km³ Range Bunkers KNM

48. AOPS V1 versus V2 Note: e = estimated using change in displacement.

49. Gulf AOPS1 ? ? River AOPS2 AOPS1 AOPS2 25 AOPS Class Analysis (II) KW St Laurent 20 Power 15 T1200 St Laurent Displacement 10 T1100 T1200 5 T1100 Kt 2.5 3.0 3.5 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Km³ Range Bunkers KNM

50. Naval Bias Against Fuel Capacity Halifax-class frigates: ratio = .10 per tonne of displacement Note*: Assumes 10% of total fuel capacity unusable/not loaded.