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Gastrointestinal System

Gastrointestinal System. Lecture 14. GI tract. Mouth  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Large intestine. Esophagus. Moves food via… Peristalsis “Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation”. Stomach. Mixes food with gastric juices  Chyme

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Gastrointestinal System

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  1. Gastrointestinal System Lecture 14

  2. GI tract • Mouth  • Pharynx  • Esophagus  • Stomach  • Small intestine  • Large intestine

  3. Esophagus • Moves food via… • Peristalsis • “Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation”

  4. Stomach • Mixes food with gastric juices  • Chyme • Pyloric sphincter • Controls stomach emptying • Stomach empties completely within 4-6 hours after a meal

  5. Small intestine • 3 areas • Duodenum • Pancreas enzymes + • Bile • Jejunum • Ileum • Almost all food, water, vitamins and mineral are absorbed out of small intestines

  6. Large Intestine • AKA: • Colon

  7. Accessory organs • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas

  8. Liver & Gallbladder • Produces bile • Greenish • Emulsifies fats • Extra bile is stored in the • Gallbladder • Bile flows into • duodenum via • bile duct

  9. Pancreas • Secretes enzymes for food digestion

  10. Nutrients • “Substances in food that are used by the body for growth, maintenance and repair” • Carbohydrates • Protein • Fats • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

  11. Metabolism • Chemical reactions that happen in the cells in order to sustain life • Catabolism • Breaking down structures for fuel • “Burning” • Anabolism • Combining simpler molecules to build more complex structures • “Building”

  12. Carbohydrates • Simple (sugar) • Sugar • Fruits • Complex (Starch) • Grains • Legumes • vegetables

  13. Carbohydrates • Function • Convert to glucose  • ATP  • Fuel for the cells

  14. Proteins • Composed of amino acids • Complete proteins • Milk • Meat • Fish • Poultry • Plant proteins • Legumes • Nuts • Grains • Cereals

  15. Protein • Function • Vital for body structure and function • Building and rebuilding of tissue

  16. Assessment • Height & weight • Auscultate bowel sounds • All 4 quadrants • Normal q 5-15 sec • Palpate abdomen

  17. Diagnostic Test • Upper endoscopy • Exam esophagus, stomach, duodenum and upper jejunum. • Used to ID • Swallowing difficulty • Gastric reflux • Ulcers

  18. Upper Endoscopy: Nrs Care • Fasting 8 hours • Conscious sedation • Remove dentures • Hold food until gag & cough reflex return • Warm saline gargles or throat lozenges for comfort

  19. Colonoscopy • Visual examination of large intestine • Used to • Screen for cancer • Remove polyps

  20. Colonoscopy: Nrs Care • Bowel prep • Conscious sedation

  21. Terms: N/V • Anorexia • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Vague, unpleasant sensation of sickness or queasiness • Vomiting • Forceful expulsion of stomach contents

  22. N&V interventions • Self limiting • Hold food initially • Clear liquids • Dry foods • Ginger

  23. Inserting an NGT • Standard precaution • Position • High Fowler’s • Measure • Tip of nose • Earlobe • Distal sternum

  24. Enteral Feeding • HOB 30o • Check tube placement • 30 mL air • Check residual • Reinstill aspirated contents • > 100 mL GT • > 200 mL NGT • Notify MD

  25. Enteral feeding • 30 mL water flush • a/ • p/

  26. Stomatitis • Inflammation of the oral mucosa

  27. Stomatitis: Nrs Care • Oral care p/ eating • Avoid alcohol based mouthwashes • High calorie & protein diet • Soft, lukewarm or cool foods • Small frequent meals • Avoid spicy foods

  28. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Backwards movement of gastric content • GERD • S&S • Heartburn • Sore throat • hoarsness

  29. GERD: Nrs Care • Avoid lying down (3 hr) p\ meals • HOB up 6 inches • Avoid alcohol and tobacco • Weight loss promotion • Avoid acidy foods • Administer meds • Histamin-2 receptor blockers

  30. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Break in the mucous lining of the stomach or duodenum where it comes in contact with gastric juice

  31. PUD – S&S • Pain • Burning, aching, unger-like • Relieved by eating • Heartburn • Elderly • No symptoms

  32. PUD - complications • Hemorrhage • Hematemesis • Orthostatic hypotension • Occult stool • Fatigue, weak • Obstruction • Feel full • N&V • Perforation • Severe pain • No BS

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