1 / 122

The Succession Crisis

The Succession Crisis. The Scone Parliament 1286. Important Nobles met at Scone and agreed. 1. Margaret, Maid of Norway would be their Queen. 2. To elect 6 Guardians to govern Scotland till Margaret was old enough. Scone. 3. To keep peace in Scotland. 1.

aysha
Download Presentation

The Succession Crisis

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Succession Crisis

  2. The Scone Parliament 1286 Important Nobles met at Scone and agreed 1. Margaret, Maid of Norway would be their Queen 2. To elect 6 Guardians to govern Scotland till Margaret was old enough Scone 3. To keep peace in Scotland

  3. 1 Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan(Noble) The 6 Guardians 2 John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (Noble) 3 Bishop William Fraser of St Andrews 4 Duncan Macduff, the young Earl of Fife (Noble) 5 Bishop Robert Wishart of Glasgow 6 James the High Steward, Baron of Renfrew (Noble) 1 2 4 3 5 6

  4. Edward I of England The Guardians ask his help to keep peace in Scotland...

  5. Good Christian King Passed good laws WHY ASK FOR EDWARD’S HELP? The Maid’s great uncle Controlled Wales, Ireland, large areas of France Neighbour

  6. Was this a wise decision?

  7. An EnglishMarriage The Scots wanted the Margaret, Maid of Norway to come to Scotland 6 Nov 1289 Discussions took place between... Maid’s great-uncle (King Edward of England) Maid’s father (King of Norway) TheGuardians

  8. What was agreed….. Treaty of Salisbury Margaret would arrive in Scotland by 1290 Margaret would not be promised in marriage to anyone unless Edward I gave his permission

  9. What the Scots didn’t know... Edward had asked Pope’s permission for Margaret to marry his son the Prince of Wales Why? Edward Prince of Wales Margaret Maid of Norway

  10. Edward proposed the marriage between Margaret, Maid of Norway and Edward Prince of Wales to the Guardians The Guardians agreed in the Treaty of Birgham, in return for a guarantee….

  11. 18 July 1290 Extract from the Treaty Treaty of Birgham • The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England. • The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs. • No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland • The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms.

  12. The Marriage Contract

  13. Also at this time Edward I ..... Took control of the Isle of Man (part of the kingdom of Scotland) Appointed the Bishop of Durham (English) as his representative in Scotland to help run the country Isle of Man

  14. The Succession Crisis Oct 1290 Margaret Maid of Norway (aged 7) left Norway for Scotland Margaret took ill during the long sea voyage Bergen Orkney Margaret died soon after reaching Orkney

  15. William I the Lion (1165-1214) Alexander II (1214-1249) (1) Margaret m m (2) Yolande Alexander III (1249 -1286) Margaret m Eric II (King of Norway) Alexander David Margaret, Maid of Norway Who would rule Scotland now?

  16. Some Scottish Nobles were gathering at Perth when they heard the news Earl of Mar was gathering a force John Balliol declared himself heir Robert Bruce of Annandale had come with a great force Earl of Atholl was gathering a force

  17. Bishop Fraser of St Andrews (Guardian) Feared war would break out so he wrote to Edward There is fear of a general war and a great slaughter of men. Let your excellency come with troops towards the border, to help save the shedding of blood, and choose for king him who of right ought to have the succession. Edward saw an opportunity

  18. Edward agreed to meet the Scots at Norham However, Edward had his own plans... Norham

  19. Edward announced that he was at Norham because... The OVERLORDSHIP belonged to him

  20. Edward’s Steps to OVERLORDSHIP • The Scots were shocked by Edward’s claims of overlordship • The Scots were frightened to say no - Edward had an army • They avoided giving Edward an answer by saying only a King could answer this

  21. Edward I made it known to the Guardians he had..... Taken control of the Isle of Man (part of the kingdom of Scotland) Appointed the Bishop of Durham (English) as his representative in Scotland to help run the country Isle of Man

  22. Step 1 - The ‘Competitors’ Edward spoke to these men and made them agree he was overlord of Scotland

  23. Step 2 - Castles Edward took control of Scotland’s castles until it was agreed who should be King

  24. Step 3 - Guardians Edward persuaded the Guardians to resign, he could then replace them

  25. Step 4 - The Nobles Edward made the nobles agree he was their overlord and promise to obey him

  26. The Great Cause At Norham the competitors agreed that Edward.. has shown us by good reason that the sovereign lordship of the kingdom of Scotland and the right to try out claims belong to him. We, by our own force will, without any kind of constraint, do desire and grant that we should receive justice before him as Lord Superior of the realm

  27. The Great Cause • There were 14 competitors, even the King of Norway tried his luck! • Only 3 had serious claims to the throne Malcolm IV 1153-1165 William the Lion 1165-1214 David, Earl of Huntingdon died 1219 Alexander II 1214-1249 Margaret m Lord of Galloway Isabella m Lord of Annandale Ada m Henry Hastings Alexander III 1249-1286 Henry Devorgilla Robert Bruce Robert Bruce Margaret m Eric II of Norway John of Hastings John of Hastings John Balliol John Balliol Margaret ‘The Maid of Norway’ 1286-1290

  28. The Main Competitors Robert Bruce John of Hastings John Balliol

  29. August 1291 Edward established a court at Berwick to judge the claims to the throne ?

  30. Wanted Scotland to be divided up between descendants of David, Earl of Huntingdon’s daughters • John of Hastings • Robert Bruce • John Balliol John of Hastings David, Earl of Huntingdon died 1219 Margaret m Lord of Galloway Isabella m Lord of Annandale Ada m Henry Hastings Devorgilla Henry Robert Bruce Robert Bruce John Balliol John Balliol John of Hastings John of Hastings

  31. Lord of Galloway • Descended from eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon • Related to powerful Comyn family • Bishop Fraser supported his claim • Had lands in Northern France and England • Had always been loyal to Edward I John Balliol David, Earl of Huntingdon died 1219 Margaret m Lord of Galloway Isabella m Lord of Annandale Ada m Henry Hastings Devorgilla Henry Robert Bruce Robert Bruce John Balliol John Balliol John of Hastings John of Hastings

  32. Lord of Annandale • Came from a powerful family who dominated a vast part of south west Scotland along with other estates in Scotland and England • Grandson of David, Earl of Huntingdon • Generation closer to David, Earl of Huntingdon than John Balliol Robert Bruce David, Earl of Huntingdon died 1219 Margaret m Lord of Galloway Isabella m Lord of Annandale Ada m Henry Hastings Devorgilla Henry Robert Bruce Robert Bruce John Balliol John Balliol John of Hastings John of Hastings

  33. How was the decision made? • Balliol and Bruce were each asked to appoint 40 ‘auditors’ • The auditors would listen to the arguments of each competitor and his lawyers • Edward I appointed 24 auditors • For 18 months there was discussion, argument, gathering and presenting of evidence

  34. 17 November 1292 After 18 months King Edward I announced his judgement….. ?

  35. Who was to be King?

  36. The Award of Berwick 17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision Edward chose John Balliol This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol

  37. The Reaction of the Bruces’ • The Bruce family were: • Angry • Would not accept Balliol as King • Determined to continue their claim Robert Bruce of Annandale ‘The Competitor’ Robert Bruce Earl of Carrick Bruce ‘the competitor’ handed over his claim to his son Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick Robert Bruce (later to become Robert I - Robert the Bruce) The Earl of Carrick also had a son Robert Bruce who was eager for the family to succeed

  38. John Balliol’s coronation • Took place at Scone • St Andrews Day (30 Nov 1292) • Balliol sat on the Stone of Destiny • List of Balliol’s ancestors was read out

  39. 26 Dec 1292 2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I • During the ceremony Balliol: • Knelt in front of Edward I (his master) • Promised to obey Edward • Accepted Edward as his overlord • Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely

  40. My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England. Balliol was to become a puppet King

  41. King John and King Edward • Balliol had agreed Edward was his overlord • No one was quite sure what this meant or what it would lead to…

  42. Edward had promised in 1290 that Scotland would… Treaty of Birgham • The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England. • The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs. • No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland • The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms. • He now said the Treaty was only a marriage agreement and it was no longer valid

  43. Edward takes control Edward gave orders to King John But sometimes sent them directly to the nobles

  44. Edward takes control Edward made King John take part in Royal Ceremonies in England

  45. Edward takes control Edward began hearing appeals from the Scottish Courts of Law Treaty of Birgham The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.

More Related