World War 1

1. “The War to End All Wars” World War 1

3. WW1 “Only the dead have seen the end of war.” • George Santayana

4. Discussion Questions • Is the concept of “a war to end all wars” possible? • Is war inevitable (unavoidable)? Why or why not? • What causes war? • Have advances in science, medicine, technology, government, etc… done anything to prevent war?

5. Imperialism leads to war… • While European nations were carving up the world for themselves, they made many alliances with one another.

6. Entangling Alliances • In order to keep peace in places like Africa, European nations made treaties with one another. • This complicated system of alliances drew all the great nations of the world into war over one assassination.

7. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • In June of 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Frand Ferdinand (heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire). • Days That Shook The World - The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

8. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

9. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • This assassination essentially began World War 1. • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. From there, entangling alliances brought other nations into the war.

10. Entangling Alliances

11. Causes of World War One • M: Militarism • A: Alliance System • I: Imperialism • N: Nationalism

12. The War Begins • The Allies • Britain, France, Russia, Japan, (and the U.S. later)

13. The War Begins • The Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

14. Europe before WW1

15. Europe After WW1

16. WW1 Trench Warfare • Advances in technology during the Second Industrial Revolution led to increasingly efficient weaponry.

17. Trench Warfare

18. WW1 Trench Warfare • WW1 weaponry: • Tanks • Machine guns • Hand grenades • Chemical gases (mustard gas)

19. WW1 Tank

20. WW1 Tank

21. WW1 Machine Gun

22. WW1 Hand Grenades

23. Chemical Warfare

24. Chemical Warfare

25. Chemical Warfare

26. Chemical Warfare

27. Trench Warfare

28. Trench Warfare

29. Trench Warfare

30. American Neutrality • At the start of WW1, America stayed out of the fray. • In may of 1915, a German submarine sank the British cruise liner Lusitania. • 124 Americans were on board and died.

31. More Yellow Journalism

32. More Yellow Journalism

33. America tries to avoid war • President Wilson convinced Germany to stop firing on non-combatant ships at sea. • For a time, it seemed America could avoid WW1.

34. America is pulled into war • In March of 1917, British spies intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government. • This telegram is known as “The Zimmerman Note”

35. The Zimmerman Note • Written by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico. • Germany wanted Mexico to join in a future war against the United States. • Germany promised to help Mexico recover land that it had lost to America in the Mexican war of 1846-1848.

36. The Zimmerman Note

37. America Declares War • The “Zimmerman Note” was the final straw for President Woodrow Wilson. • On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war. • “The world must be made safe for democracy.” Woodrow Wilson

38. America in WW1 • WW1 was primarily a European war. • WW1 lasted from 1914-1919, America entered in 1918. • An estimated 10 million soldiers died in WW1. • 100,000 of them (1%) were Americans.

39. America in WW1

40. America in WW1 • American forces turned the tide of the war. • The American Army pushed an exhausted/depleted German army out of France. • By the end of 1918, Germany had finally surrendered.

41. The War at Home • Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” • Reasons for entering the war. • Included: • Self determination for all nations • Freedom of the seas • Free trade • Open diplomacy • Creation of a “League of Nations”

42. The War at Home • Woodrow Wilson

43. The War at Home • During WW1, the United States government became very powerful. • Government regulation reached an all-time high. • By 1918, the wealthiest Americans were paying 60% of their income in taxes to support the War.

44. Women and the War • Many women supported the war effort by: • selling war bonds • organizing patriotic rallies • working in production jobs

45. Women and the War

46. Women and the War

47. Women and the War • Many American women thought that wartime service would lead to universal suffrage rights. • After years of intense demonstrations and service, women gained the right to vote after WW1, in 1920. (19th Amendment)

48. Limitations on Free Speech • WW1 brought about the greatest restrictions on free speech in American history.

49. Limitations on Free Speech • America’s stated goal in WW1: spread freedom/democracy across the world. • If someone opposed the war, did they oppose freedom/democracy? • Could an American oppose this war without committing treason?

50. Limitations on Free Speech • For the first time since 1798, the American government enacted laws that limited free speech. • Newspapers/magazines were banned • It was a crime to speak in opposition to the war effort or government