Qing China Plus Korea, Ming China and Tibet

1. Qing ChinaPlus Korea, Ming Chinaand Tibet • January 16, 2014

2. Review • What was the primary written language in Korea during the Joseon dynasty? • In what ways was Joseon very different from China? • What sort of relations did Joseon have with Japan? • What was the nature of the Joseon economy?

3. Religion in Korea • shamanism and animism--the indigenous religion of Korea. Quite different from Shinto--some Korean shamans are possessed by spirits of ancestors and great men from the past. Most shamans are women. • Buddhism --Mahayana Buddhism, just as in China. However, Buddhism was pushed out of the capital into the countryside. • Neo-Confucianism: provided metaphysical support for Confucian ethics. (Ebrey, pp. 251 and 304) Originally from China. • The challenge of Catholic monotheism---Entered Korea in 1784. Catholics were then killed in large numbers. (p. 260-61)

4. NEO-CONFUCIANISM • The study of “human nature and dynamic pattern” • A moral metaphysics of i (li) and ki (qi) created in China. • li refers to patterns of appropriate interaction • ki refers to the matter-energy that constitutes the entities that interact. (It’s sometimes called “psychophysical stuff”) • Most interactions take place within relationships of inequality (ruler-subject, husband-wife, father-son, older sibling-younger sibling. One exception is friends. • Neo-Confucianism embeds its moral principles in society and in nature, making them difficult to challenge.

5. Status of women pp.261-64 • Confucianization in Korea cost women financial and ritual power. • Across East Asia, fewer choices for partners than men had. • No mass education for women, but Korean and Japanese women had a phonetic script they could use to write. • No foot-binding in Korea of Japan.

6. CHINA AFTER CHINESE RULE • The Ming (1368-1644) represents an interlude of Chinese control between two non-Chinese dynasties (Mongol and Manchu). • During the Ming we begin to see a rapid rise in the population of China. (See page 240) • The Ming put itself in a financial hole defending Korea against the Japanese in the 1590s. That, along with a change in the weather and a drop in the supply of silver, is one of the reasons it fell after more than two and a half centuries. (See p. 244-45) • Ming territory did not include Taiwan, Tibet, Manchuria, Mongolia, or what we now call western China (Xinjiang)

7. Ming China • http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_Map.jpg • and • http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/1xarming.htm

8. The Ming and its Neighbours • Preferred to deal with other countries via the hierarchical tributary system: (Ebrey, 231-34) • Faithful tribute partners: Korea, the Ryūkyūs, and Vietnam (after it defeated a Ming attempt to conquer it). • Fought against Japan in Korea in 1590s.

9. relations with neighbours • Japan: shogun offered tribute early in the 15th century but soon stopped. Wakō (“Japanese Pirates” were a serious problem. • Tibet, Manchuria, and Mongolia were not regular parts of the tribute system. • Southeast Asian countries and even Bengal sometimes offered tribute (as a way to engage in trade with China). • overseas Chinese were sometimes involved, especially after the Ming forbad Chinese in China to engage in foreign trade.

10. The Ming economy • Agricultural, with a lot of commercial activity, including new commercial crops (maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts, tobacco) from the Americas after 1500. (Ebrey, p. 234) • Led to more intensive agriculture--more labour on smaller plots of land. • also led to monetization, including the growing use of silver coins. But no capitalism.

11. No capitalism in the Ming • What is capitalism? • True capitalism requires a separation between ownership of the tools of production and the actual use of those tools to produce goods, as well as a separation between production of goods and the ownership of the goods which are produced. • We see a lot of commercial activity in the Ming but very little separation between ownership of the tools of production and the actual use of those tools. We also see very little separation between production of goods and ownership of the goods that are produced.

12. No Industrial revolution • What was the industrial revolution? • the transformation of how non-food items are produced: through an increasing reliance on inanimate forms of energy; with the use of machinery rather than artisans to produce goods faster, cheaper, and in much greater quantity and in standardized form, and through the increasing use of inanimate (such as plastic) rather than animate material (such as leather) to make those goods. • The industrial revolution is based on a radical new assumption: that it is possible to dramatically increase production at a rate much faster than an accompanying increase in human labour input.

13. Summing Up: the Ming Economy • No true capitalism: most manufacturing was done by people who owned the tools they used to manufacture those goods. • No industrial revolution: reliance on machinery was minimal, and was not based on an assumption that rapid increases in productivity were possible • No capitalists: only rich merchants.

14. FROM MING TO QING • Portrait of the Kangxi emperor • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty • Maps of the Qing • http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/1xarqing.htm • http://qinghistorysg.com/political-system/ • http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/archive.html?page=185&f_itemNumber=6663

15. CHINA UNDER THE MANCHU • The Qing dynasty---1644-1911 • From Jurchen to Manchu in 1635 (Successors to Jin dynasty?) • But not all Jurchen became Manchu, and not all Manchu had been Jurchen--political loyalty was more important than who your ancestors were in determining if you were Manchu or not. • Not considered part of the Chinese “nation” in the 17th century • The Manchu bannermen and the conquest of China • How were they able to conquer the Chinese, who greatly outnumbered them? (Ebrey, p 272) Did some Chinese help them? What does that tell you about “nationalism” in China in the 17th century? Why was there nonetheless resistance to the Manchu? (p.273)

16. MANCHU POWER • Manchu rule over China as part of Manchu empire (The Manchu empire is more than just China) • Qing had tributary relations with Korea and Vietnam. • Manchu relations with Mongolia and Tibet: a form of colonial rule (p. 274) • The Qing and Taiwan-how much did the Qing control? • The incorporation of Xinjiang. • Was the Qing a Chinese empire or a Manchu empire?

17. TRADITIONAL CHINESE SOCIETY • patrilocal marriage • patrilineal kinship • partible inheritance: divided among sons (not primogeniture) • sedentary agrarianism • landownership and Confucian degrees define the elite. • Some social mobility among the Confucian elite. • Chinese society didn’t change much under Manchu rule

18. SOCIETY IN MANCHU CHINA • Some hereditary positions--bondservants, bannermen and members of the Chinese Army of the Green Standard • Dual administration: at higher levels of government, bannermen were placed alongside Chinese officials of the same rank • Chinese officials had to pass the Confucian civil service exam. • Bondservants were used to offset the power of Confucian officials. • The Confucian patriarchy was reinforced, and Chinese (not Manchu) women still bound their feet.

19. THE ECONOMY OF QING CHINA • Prosperity for the first century and a half. • Growth in the number of market towns • Population growth Fuelled by new crops (some from the West) new agricultural techniques (no industrial revolution or capitalism) Instead, we see labour-intensification. and peace at home and abroad • Trade with the West: The Canton (Guangzhou) system. (Produced porcelains for export, along with tea and silk. ). P.280

20. POPULATION GROWTH • graph of population growth • http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm

21. RITUAL AND POWER • A centralized bureaucratic government. Not feudal at all • The many ritual stances of the Manchu: • Confucian rulers when dealing with the Han Chinese: selected officials according to the Confucian civil service exams, patronized Chinese culture. • Khans to their Manchu-Mongolian subjects • Bodhisattvas to the Tibetans • Also, they tamed their own shamans.