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Using Phrases

Using Phrases. The following slides contain terms that you must know. What is a phrase?. Phrase.

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Using Phrases

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  1. Using Phrases

  2. The following slides contain terms that you must know.

  3. What is a phrase?

  4. Phrase • A group of related words that acts as a single part of speech. A phrase does NOT CONTAIN A SUBJECT AND ITS VERB. If the group of words contains a subject and its verb, the group of words is known as a CLAUSE.

  5. Parts of Speech (MUST KNOW!) • Noun – person, place, thing, or idea • Pronoun – replace a noun or nouns • Adjective – modifies/describes a noun or pronoun • Verb – expresses action or state of being • Adverb – modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb • Interjection – expresses excitement or emotion • Conjunction – word or words that join • Preposition – links the noun or pronoun (object) to another word in the sentence

  6. What are the different types of phrases?

  7. Prepositional phrases • Contain a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object • Function as adjectives or adverbs • I like cars with big wheels. (adjective – What kind?) • I left my glove in the car. (adverb – Where?)

  8. Appositive phrases • Contain an appositive plus its modifiers • An APPOSITIVE is a noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun. appositive • Mr. Hudson, the principal at Mountain Brook Junior High, went to the University of Alabama.

  9. Verbals • A verbal is a verb form that acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • There are three types of verbals: • Participles • Gerunds • Infinitives

  10. How are verbals formed? • Verbals are formed from different principal parts of the verb. Verbs have four principal parts. • Infinitive (simple present tense) jump • Past (past tense) jumped • Past Participle (have/has) jumped • Present participle (-ing form) jumping

  11. participle • A verb form that acts as an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun. (Remember, adjectives answer four questions: What kind? Which one? How many? And How much?) • A participial phrase consists of a participle plus its modifiers and complements. • A participle is formed from a participle form of the verb. • The jumping children irritated me. (present participle)

  12. gerund • A verb form that ends in –ing and acts as a noun. Gerunds are formed from the present participle of a verb. • A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus its modifiers and complements. • I enjoy eating at my grandmothers house.

  13. Remember • Gerunds can only function as nouns. They will only appear in sentences in the position of a noun (s, do, io, op, app, pn) Dancing can be fun. (gerund as subject) I enjoy dancing with friends. (gerund phrase as DO) I gave dancing a try. (gerund as IO) She is obsessed with dancing. (gerund as OP) Her hobby, dancing, takes time. (gerund as appositive) Her hobby is dancing. (gerund as PN)

  14. Swimming is fun. • Swimming is the SUBJECT.

  15. I like swimming. Swimming is the DIRECT OBJECT.

  16. I gave swimming a try. • Swimming is the INDIRECT OBJECT.

  17. My favorite activity is swimming. • Swimming is a predicate nominative.

  18. My favorite activity, swimming, is exciting. • Swimming is an appositive.

  19. I am interested in swimming. • Swimming is the object of the preposition “in”.

  20. infinitives • An infinitive is a verb form, usually beginning with the word to, that can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus its modifiers and complements.

  21. Infinitives as nouns • I wanted to eat biscuits for breakfast. • Because “to eat biscuits for breakfast” answers “what?” after an action verb, it is in the position of the direct object; therefore, it functions as a noun.

  22. Infinitives as adjectives • I made a decision to leave the party. • Because “to leave the party” answers “which one?”, it functions as an adjective.

  23. Infinitives as adverbs • I left to avoid running into him. • Because “to avoid running into him” answers the question “why?’, this infinitive phrase functions as an adverb. • Remember, adverbs answer the following questions: “How?”, “When?”, “Where?”, “How often?”, “Under what conditions?”, etc.

  24. Remember . . . • Verbals can function as three different parts of speech. • Nouns – gerunds and infinitives • Adjectives – participles and infinitives • Adverbs – infinitives

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