Wind Diesel 201

1. Wind Diesel 201 International Wind Diesel Conference Girdwood Alaska March 2011 Russell Cahill

2. Too Many Choices Solar Fuel Cells Wind Micro-turbines Hydro Geothermal Micro-grids Biomass Demand Response New Storage Techs. Electric Vehicles Load Management Smart grids

3. At Powercorp we have learnt that A confused mind says: “NO!” So I think I will just keep burning Diesel for now!

4. Probable Current Design What we would like to do to the system! Diesel Power Station Diesel Power Station Transmission Transmission Wind Farm Hydro Bio Diesel Distribution Consumer Load 1 Consumer Load 2 Consumer Load 3 Consumer Load 1 Consumer Load 2 Consumer Load 3

5. Wind Diesel 201 Agenda • Find out who’s here – what are all of our backgrounds / interests • Interactive discussion into what we all think makes up a typical Diesel Power Station • The Control System • The Diesels / their capabilities • The limitations of the plant • The additional applied limitations to the plant • Add the Wind Turbines – what do we know about them and their behaviour? • Add the Integration Equipment / Storage / Stability / Confusion • Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel System in Antarctica ‘Live’ (hopefully! ) • Additional System improvements for consideration

6. Who is here? - My Name is Russell Cahill and I based on my accent, I am clearly and Australian! • Electrician by trade • Electrical Engineering Associate Diploma • 18 years experience in Power Generation, 10 years at Powercorp • Active Role in Contract Negotiation, Construction and Commissioning of Powercorp’s 60+ Diesel Automated Systems in Australia 12 High Penetration Wind Diesel Systems 2 High Penetration Solar Diesel Systems - Current Role: Manager Powercorp Operations Dept

7. What makes up a Typical Diesel Power Plant?

8. The Diesels • What type of Diesels are installed? (or to be installed) • Normally Aspirated Engines? • Mechanically Governed Engines? • Electric over Mechanically Governed Engines? • Electronic Governed Engines? • Electronic Fuel Injected Engines? • High Speed Diesels? • Low Speed? • Medium Speed? • Heavy Fuel Machines? • Gas assisted machines? • Methane Fuelled Machines? • Etc etc etc!

9. The Control System • What type of control system is installed (or to be installed) • Is the control system manually operated? (I have seen some very very well managed manually operated Diesel PowerStation's!) • Is the control system a semi Automatic Control system (ie operator intervention on starting an synchronising of machines? • Is the control system an Automatic Control System? • Is the architect of the control system still in business or does the client own the source code? • Is the Control system hardware still available or has the hardware been made redundant by its manufacturer?

10. Centralised Control Structure Modbus SCADA HMI Master Controller CAN Gen 1 Controller Gen 2 Controller Gen 3 Controller Gen 4 Controller Fed 1 Controller Fed 2 Controller Fed 3 Controller Fed 4 Controller Fed 1 Fed 3 Fed 4

11. Decentralised Control Structure Control Centre Time Server Data Server Wind Farm Hydro Generator PV Generator Control Centre Consumer Load 2 Grid Stabilising System Utility Communication Network (Ethernet) Consumer Load 2 Gas Station Diesel Station

12. Comparison of Systems Centralised Structure Decentralised Structure • Limited options for redundancy • System failures are catastrophic • Single device systems • Highly complex algorithms for entire system control • Controllers need large memory • Master and slave methodology • Single comms network paths • Communications interruptions are catastrophic • Upgrades are carried out globally • System maintenance can require complete network shutdowns • Scalability is complex and expensive • Multiple Levels of Redundancy • Failures are localised to devices • Distributed intelligence • Complexity of algorithms low due to specific control only • Memory is spared though message passing • All devices share responsibilities • Multiple comms network paths • Communications interruptions lead to islanded areas not outages • Upgrades can carried out on a device by device basis • Maintenance related shutdowns are limited to devices only • Cost effective and easily scalable

13. Capabilities of the Plant? • What are the known and measured capabilities/limitations of the plant? • Step Load response of each individual Machine • Step load responses of machine groups • Load Rejection response of each individual Machine • Load Rejection response of machine groups • Does the system carry out automatic active Load Sharing (Kw) • Does the system carry out automatic active Var Sharing (Kvar) • Are the Protection systems in the plant co-ordinated correctly – have they been tested lately!

14. Additional Limitations • What are the additional limitations are applied by the Plant Owner or Regulator? Such as • Spinning Reserve requirements • Minimum Generator Configuration requirements • Grid requirements • Voltage regulations • Frequency regulations • Fault ride through requirements • Other?

15. Time to Model all this! • At this point we probably have a fair grasp on the Diesel PowerStation • Computer modelling is now an important step in the process going forward. • Why? • Because when we add the wind we will need to know what sort of impact it is going to have! • Verfication • Proof of concept • Buisness Case • Net Present Value Calculations ($$$) • Dynamic Stability • Bankability

16. System Modelling Power System Model Input Output Recorded Data from real System Output of Simulation (Voltage, Frequency, etc.) Simulation tool

17. System Modelling Gen Control WTG Control Load Control Storage Control Feeder Control Proven Algorithms Verified Models Power System Simulation Tool

18. C2-4: Hardware-in-the-Loop Ethernet OPC • Integration of Controller • Simulations include Calculations from Controller

19. Modelling Results Which system is best under what conditions?

20. Introducing the Wind What do we know about Wind?

21. What do we know about Wind? • What do we know about Wind? • Its unstable • Its unreliable • Its unpredictable • Machines can trip out on faults or out of limit events • They can introduce Voltage instability • They can introduce Frequency instability • Wind Turbine outputs can change from 100% to 0% in less than 2 seconds and vice versa (in Powercorp’s experience) • Some Wind turbines will output even greater than their rated output in times of high wind – ie 150%!!! • Other?

24. How much Wind? • Is it possible to introduce some Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment ? • At this conference this week I am sure we will hear that is possible to an extent. • At previous conferences we have had healthy debates about how to define just how much Wind can be integrated and exactly how to describe this, at Powercorp we describe it as Instantaneous Wind Penetration – but we are happy to hear other terms!

25. Low Penetration % • From Powercorp’s experience, we have found that integration of Wind into Diesel Grids without any integration equipment can be successfully achieved from 0% Wind to about 30% Instantaneous Wind Penetration of the instantaneous load. • These percentages are based sites where the Diesel engines are electronically governed and therefore without integration equipment the full rating of the wind farm would need to be carried in the step load configuration as spinning reserve to ensure there where no blackouts each time the wind stopped blowing. • The fuel savings therefore achieved by such a system are not as substantial as a system where fossil fuel generators are able to be switched off due to the introduction of integration equipment.

26. Lets consider adding storage and / or stability

27. Storage / Stability Long & Short Term Energy Storage Battery Resistive Dump Load Grid Stabilization Grid Stabilization & Short Term Energy Storage Flywheel Super Capacitors Grid Stabilization STATCOM Grid Stabilization

28. Car vs Wind Diesel Fitted with Cruise Control

29. Types of Storage / Stability Large -scale stationary applications of electric energy storage / Stability could be separated into 3 areas: • Power Quality. Stored energy, in these applications, is only applied for seconds or less, as needed, to assure continuity of quality power. • Bridging Power. Stored energy, in these applications, is used for seconds to minutes to assure continuity of service when switching from one source of energy generation to another. • Energy Management. Storage media, in these applications, is used to decouple the timing of generation and consumption of electric energy. A typical application is load leveling, which involves the charging of storage when energy cost is low and utilization as needed. This would also enable consumers to be grid-independent for many hours. • Although some storage technologies can function in all application ranges, most options would not be economical to be applied in all three functional categories. http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/

30. How long vs How much? http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/

31. High Penetration % • The percentage Instantaneous wind Penetration levels that can be achieved with the introduction of Energy Storage / Stability range from 0% to 100%. • I have heard at conferences in the past that penetration greater than 100% can also be achieved but that statistic always confuses me so I will leave that description to others maybe this week!  • Annual Average Fuel Savings have been seen in the order of 50% - 80% by Powercorp with the introduction of Energy Stability • Powercorp has not yet installed a system with longer term storage however we are keenly watching the market and testing the business cases regularly.

32. High Penetration %

33. Additional System improvements • Demand side management or active load monitoring and control is an area where additional smart things can be done to control the load and try to make to match the renewable generation as best as possible. • Integration of wireless load monitoring and control devices into all types of loads including houses is an area where Powercorp believes an additional annual fuel saving can be realised. • We also think that we should begin to challenge the need to carry our industry’s safety factor – Spinning reserve – there is a real possibility of not carrying spinning reserve calculations any longer using such technologies along with the fast communications networks we have available. • Other areas for consideration are definitely the use of Electric Cars for Grid support – Spinning reserve – demand side managed charging loads etc

34. We are nearing the end of the Power Point Section of the Presentation • Whats Next? • Short Video of a Wind Diesel Site we did a few years ago just to break up all of this talking • Dial into Ross Island Wind Diesel Power System in Anatarctica • Questions or Discussion

36. Lets remind ourselves why we did this today and why are we here?

37. Why Renewables? Solar Energy Wind Energy Yesterday oil was $106 per barrel! Source: US Energy Information Administration – Independent Statistics and Analysis www.tonto.eia.gov

38. Choosing a Path Forward X Tomorrow High Oil Price Today X High Renewable Energy Low Low

39. Dial into Antarctica