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Marine Natural Products & Human Health

Marine Natural Products & Human Health. Robert R. Bidigare University of Hawaii. Searching the oceans for new products. Marine Nutraceuticals ( nutriceuticals are supplements such as vitamins, minerals, herbs that offer health benefits). & Cosmeceuticals (compounds used in cosmetics)

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Marine Natural Products & Human Health

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  1. Marine Natural Products & Human Health Robert R. Bidigare University of Hawaii

  2. Searching the oceans for new products • Marine Nutraceuticals (nutriceuticals are supplements such as vitamins, minerals, herbs that offer health benefits). • & Cosmeceuticals (compounds used in cosmetics) - Lipids (PUFAs and carotenoids) •PUFA - Polyunsaturated fatty acids that are more healthful than saturated fats. •Carotenoids -natural fat-soluble pigments that occurs in plants. Carotenoids are antioxidants that are important for healthful diets. - UV blockers- chemicals that block UV light - Food additives and stabilizers

  3. Chemicals of interestLipids (fats) • Fats are organic compounds that are freely soluble in organic solvents • Specific examples include: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, hormones, vitamins, sterols, and carotenoid pigments • Definitions • Fatty acids-major component of fats which are used by the body for energy and tissue development • Triglycerides -the body's storage form for fat • Carotenoid pigments- the yellow to orange pigments in nature that have health • benefits • Phospholipids-the building blocks of cellular membranes.

  4. Fatty Acids (FAs) • FA’s are12 to 28 carbon chain lengths. The diagram illustrates the biochemical structure differences between saturated,(SFA),monounsaturated • (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) SFA MUFA PUFA

  5. Lipids in Marine Microalgae • Lipids of interest occur in microalgae • Possess a very large proportion PUFAs • Unique to this group are EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). • Omega-3fatty acids are also beneficial for healthful diets. Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus

  6. EPA & DHA • “Omega-3 fatty acids” , eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). • Beneficial effects: • Lowers the incidence of certain cardiovascular diseases • Improves neural and retinal development in infants - Slows growth of cancerous cells

  7. Carotenoids • Carotenoids (precursors of vitamin A, they are thered and orange pigments found in vegetables such as carrots, algae and other plants. ) • Carotenoid examples include astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein and b,b-carotene • Carotenoids are now being used as fish/shrimp/poultry feed ingredients for enhancing the color of animal flesh and egg yolks Astaxanthin

  8. Carotenoids • Carotenoids have tremendous potential as pharmaceutical products since they have strong anti-oxidant activity. Anti-oxidants are believed to help prevent cancer and keep cells healthy.

  9. Carotenoids • Other Important aspects of Carotenoids. They are effective for the preventive treatment of cancer and age-related macular degeneration, which is the deterioration of the retina that can cause blindness)

  10. Marine Sources for High-value Carotenoids HL = high light C = control Green Algae (Dunaliella salina) Bacteria (Erythrobacter longus)

  11. Commercially Available Carotenoid Products

  12. Other compounds found in algae that are of interestUV Blockers: MAAs (Mycosporine-like amino acids) • (MAAs) are photo-protective compounds in marine algae. • High-value additives for paints, plastics & cosmetics

  13. Other products from algae:Food Additives and Stabilizers • Agar-Agar: Used for the production of emulsions and bacteriological culture mediums • Carrageen: Used for the production of ice cream, cosmetics, chocolates, coconut butter, milk products, syrups and gels

  14. Marine Microbes: An Untapped Resource for Pharmacological Lead Compounds? The 3 Domains of Life (D. M. Karl)

  15. (D. M. Karl)

  16. MARINE MICROBIAL DIVERSITYCurrent research is discovering vast quantities of microbes (bacterioplankton) that are like bacteria but behave like plants in that they capture energy from the sun • Phylogenetic diversity • Metabolic peculiarities • Habitat/Niche Space (D. M. Karl)

  17. POST-1978: NOTHING SHORT OF A MARINE MICROBIOLOGICAL REVOLUTION! • 1979: Discovery of Synechococcus (Waterbury) • Marine unicellular cyanobacteria of the Synechococcus group occupy an important position at the base of the marine food web: they are abundant in the world's oceans and as a result are major primary producers on a global scale and one of the most numerous genomes on earth • 1988: Discovery of Prochlorococcus (Chisholm) Prochlorococcus is the smallest known phototroph it contributes 30-80% of primary production in the world's oligotrophic oceans, and is consequently plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and the Earth's climate. • 1990: Discovery of SAR-11 (Giovannoni) • About ten thousand bacterioplankton of the type SAR 11 are found in every drop of seawater. Scientists are only beginning to understand what these organisms do. (D. M. Karl)

  18. Exploring the oceans: NOT EVEN THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG! • Less than 1% of species • Only 1 “model” system (E. coli) T. Newberger Knowns Unknowns • Novel microbes and habitats • Novel physiology/biochemistry (D. M. Karl)

  19. END

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