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Pax Romana

Explore the divisions within Judaism and the emergence of Jesus during the Pax Romana era, highlighting religious beliefs, conflicts, and the impact on Roman authority. Discover the diverse sects within Judaism and the teachings of Jesus, leading to the rise of Christianity and the eventual legal recognition of the faith by Emperor Constantine. Uncover the struggles for religious tolerance in an age of political upheaval and cultural diversity.

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Pax Romana

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  1. Pax Romana Religious Tolerance Neptune Vulcan Apollo Jupiter Saturn Pluto Cupid Dionysus Sol Invictus Mercury Mars Mars Orcus Lucifer Jupiter

  2. Pax Romana Religious Tolerance To Jews in Jerusalem “just keep the peace” For years Jews died while refusing to bow down and worship other gods (10 commandments) – Including the emperor…they came to an unspoken agreement…just stay quiet and we will not force you to worship the Emperor

  3. Divisions of Judaism • Common Jew – • Plain simple folk: observe the Sabbath, who observe the holidays, the festivals, who go with the pilgrimage to temple, who observe the Jewish food laws, the Jewish rituals, believed in the Jewish God. • Essenes– • the Jews of Qumran, the Dead Sea Scrolls • separated themselves from the community • Zealots– • Began by Judas of Galilee • Included the Sicarii and other revolutionaries • "We must destroy the Roman Empire or we must destroy Jews who cooperate • with the Roman Empire. We will kill all collaborators, no King but God," • Looking for a “Messiah”

  4. Divisions of Judaism • Sadducees – • Sadducees did not believe in the authoritative nature of the ancestral laws • Sadducees were more Hellenizedand less traditional • a great deal of following among the wealthy and among the priestly classes • Pharisees – • the most meticulous observers of the ancestral law • Most Jews were prepared to accept that claim

  5. Pharisees • Hillel – • President of Sanhedrin: to 20 CE • Leader of the Temple in Jerusalem • Argued for “Spirit of the law” • Shammai– • President of Sanhedrin: 20 CE to 30 CE • He cultivated the characteristic of firmness and strictness in law. • The House of Shammai positions were stricter than those of the House of Hillel • When Shammai passed one of his ordinances, contrary to the opinion of Hillel, the day "was as grievous to Israel as the day when the [golden] calf was made". • Gamaliel (Hillel’s grandson) succeeded to the position of president after Shammai in the year 30, but the Sanhedrin would remain dominated by the house of Shammai until around 70 .

  6. Yeshua – Jesus (Greek) It is said that Jesus, as a boy would spend time in the Temple debating - learning from the Pharisees ( Hillel?) When Jesus began his ministries he argued against the Pharisees (Shammai?)

  7. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) • Believed in Jewish Tradition • One God • Accepted 10 Commandments • Defended the Prophets

  8. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) • Believed in Jewish Tradition • Descendant of King David • Recruited 12 apostles • “person sent forth”

  9. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) Oh – oh…

  10. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) Called himself the Son of God Politically, “son of God” was equal to Emperor

  11. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) Called himself the Son of God Religious issue, “son of God” meant more than one God?

  12. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) Proclaimed Spiritual Salvation and Eternal Life This was not the expected “Messiah” of the Hebrew Bible

  13. Yeshua of Nazareth – Jesus ( Greek: Ἰησοῦς ) Yet, some believed he was the Messiah

  14. Roman Authority felt threatened. Jewish Leaders feared Roman retribution… Afraid of Zealot’s “Messiah”

  15. Crucified on Cross Common punishment saved for Rebels against Roman authority.

  16. According to Tradition: Jesus left his tomb U.S. celebrates Christmas Most of eastern Christian world celebrate Easter as most important Holiday.

  17. Three Major Forms • Ebonites - Jewish Converts to the Nazarene Sect • Gnostics – Greek word for Knowledge Denied Jewish belief and old testament as a whole • Pauline Christianity – Spread Christianity to Gentiles (non-Jews)

  18. Destruction of Jerusalem (70 AD) Zealot Revolt • 1,000,000 people were killed during the siege • majority were Jewish • 97,000 were captured and enslaved “…Men and women, old and young, insurgents and priests, those who fought and those who entreated mercy, were hewn down in indiscriminate carnage. The legionaries had to clamber over heaps of dead to carry on the work of extermination."

  19. Destruction of Jerusalem Nazarenes • Separated themselves from Judaism • Elected a Gentile (Marcus) to lead them • Allowed them to exist in Roman Empire….

  20. All People – Jew, Gentile, Slave, etc • Written in Greek and Latin • Comfort in Message of Love

  21. Peter established a church in Rome

  22. Paul Vision to preach to the Gentiles • Traveled from Mesopotamia to Rome

  23. Persecution Unspoken pact with Jews – Growing Christian numbers were a problem They refused to bow to other gods as the Jews

  24. EmperorConstantine Claims a vision:Put the cross before his army

  25. EmperorConstantine • Edict of Milan313 AD • Legalized Christianity • Counsil of Nicaea • Defined Christianity • Unified Roman Empire

  26. EmperorTheodosius Declared Christianity official religion of Roman EmpireFebruary 27, 380 A.D.

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