Frequency, Pitch, Tone and Length

1. Frequency, Pitch, Tone and Length October 15, 2012 Thanks to Chilin Shih for making some of these lecture materials available.

2. Announcements • For Wednesday: transcription exercise on tone. • Yoruba and Cantonese • For Friday: mid-sagittal diagram exercise • Check it out on the course web page. • Production exercise #2 due at 5 pm next Monday (the 22nd). • Okay, let’s put together some complex waves…

3. Sine Waves • The reading on the pressure level meter will fluctuate between high and low pressure values • In the simplest case, the variations in pressure level will look like a sine wave. pressure time

4. Other Basic Sinewave concepts • Sinewaves are periodic; i.e., they recur over time. • The period is the amount of time it takes for the pattern to repeat itself. • The frequency is the number of times, within a given timeframe, that the pattern repeats itself. • Frequency = 1 / period • usually measured in cycles per second, or Hertz • The peakamplitude is the the maximum amount of vertical displacement in the wave • = maximum/minimum amount of pressure

5. Complex Waves • When more than one sinewave gets combined, they form a complex wave. • At any given time, each wave will have some amplitude value. • A1(t1) := Amplitude value of sinewave 1 at time 1 • A2(t1) := Amplitude value of sinewave 2 at time 1 • The amplitude value of the complex wave is the sum of these values. • Ac(t1) = A1 (t1) + A2 (t1)

6. Complex Wave Example • Take waveform 1: • high amplitude • low frequency + • Add waveform 2: • low amplitude • high frequency = • The sum is this complex waveform:

7. Other Examples • 480 Hz tone • 620 Hz tone • the combo = ?

8. Fundamental Frequency • The fundamental frequency of a complex wave is the frequency at which the complex wave repeats itself. • = greatest common denominator of frequencies of component waves. • Greatest common denominator = • largest number that two (or more) numbers can be divided by to yield an integer (whole number) value. • Q: What’s the fundamental frequency of a complex wave consisting of 600 Hz and 800 Hz tones? • How about one with 120 Hz and 150 Hz tones?

9. Linguistically Speaking • In speech, the fundamental frequency of voiced sounds is based on the rate at which the vocal folds open and close. • The wave set up by the vocal folds is a complex wave.

10. Complex Wave Visual • Combination of 100 Hz and 300 Hz wave. • Voicing sort of looks like this, but it’s even more complex:

11. Why Should You Care? • The modulation of fundamental frequency in speech can have linguistic meaning. • Tone • Pitch Accent • Stress • Intonation • Since this modulation can occur (relatively) independently of the stream of vowel and consonant segments in speech… • these linguistic properties are often referred to as suprasegmentals.

12. Suprasegmentals • Suprasegmentals are phonetic features of speech which are “above the segment” • Tone/Accent/Intonation • Quantity • Stress • “Suprasegmental features are established by a comparison of items in a sequence.” --Ilse Lehiste (1970) •  Suprasegmental features are always defined in a relative manner.

13. Where Tone Comes From Here’s a waveform for my vowel : • The acoustic shockwave of each opening of the vocal folds shows up as a vertical bar in the waveform. • A “voicing bar”

14. Voicing Bar Close-up Individual glottal pulses

15. Voicing bars, really close up • Voicing is a complex wave. (i.e., not sinusoidal) • The fundamental frequency of voicing can be calculated by measuring the period between glottal pulses.

16. Voicing bars, really close up period • Frequency = 1 / period • In this case, period = .008 seconds, so frequency = ?

17. Pitch Tracks • Measuring the fundamental frequency (F0) at every step in a sound file yields a pitch track. • Time on the x-axis. • Fundamental frequency on the y-axis. F0 time I’d like to collect sea shells this after noon

18. Just So You Know • Praat has an automatic pitch tracker. • Check it out. • It can be messed up by: • voiceless sounds • obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates) • Also, it can sometimes double or halve the correct fundamental frequency. • I’ll spare you the technical reasons why. • In general, though, it works well.

19. Tone • Tone is the linguistic use of fundamental frequency to signal important differences in meaning. • Note: • Acoustic = Fundamental Frequency • Perceptual = Pitch • Linguistic = Tone • English is a tone language… • Sort of. For one set of words only.

20. A Typology • F0 generally varies in three different ways in language: 1. Tone languages (Chinese, Navajo, Igbo) • Lexically determined tone on every syllable or word 2. Accentual languages (Japanese, Swedish) • The location of an accent in a particular word is lexically marked. 3. Stress languages (English, Russian) • It’s complicated.

21. Mandarin Tone • Mandarin (Chinese) is a classic example of a tone language. ma1: mother ma2: hemp ma3: horse ma4: to scold

22. Mandarin Sentences ma1-ma0 ma4 ma3. “Mother scolds the horse.” ma3 ma4 ma1-ma0. “The horse scolds mother.”

23. How to Transcribe Tone • Tones are defined by the pattern they make through a speaker’s frequency range. • The frequency range is usually assumed to encompass five levels (1-5). • (although this can vary, depending on the language) Highest F0 5 4 3 2 Lowest F0 1

24. Tone 1 2 3 4 • In Mandarin, tones span a frequency range of 1-5 • Each tone is denoted by its (numerical) path through the frequency range • Each syllable can also be labeled with a tone number (e.g., ma1, ma2, ma3, ma4)

25. How to Transcribe Tone • Tone is relative • i.e., not absolute • Each speaker has a unique frequency range. For example: Male Female ~200 Hz Highest F0 5 ~350 Hz 4 3 2 ~100 Hz Lowest F0 ~150 Hz 1

26. Relativity, in Reality • The same tones may be denoted by completely different frequencies, depending on the speaker. • Tone is an abstract linguistic unit. female speaker ma, tone 1 (55) male speaker

27. How To Transcribe Tone female speaker ma, tone 4 (51) male speaker Some speakers also use more of their frequency range.

28. Even More Tones level tones contour tones

29. Variations • Other tone languages only have two or three tone targets • These are transcribed as sequences of High (H) and Low (L) tones. (or also Mid (M) tones) • They can also be labeled with accents over vowels • High = ´ • Low = ` • In these languages, tone can be used for grammatical markers (tense, possession)

30. Ibibio Tones • Ibibio is spoken in southern Nigeria

31. Accentual Languages • In accentual languages, there is only one pitch accent associated with each word. • The pitch accent is realized on only one syllable in the word. • The other syllables in the word can have no accent. • Accent is lexically determined, so there can be minimal pairs. • Japanese is a pitch accent language… • for some, but not all, words • for some, but not all, dialects

32. Japanese • Japanese words have one High accent • it attaches to one “mora” in the word • A mora = a vowel, or a consonant following a vowel, within a syllable. • For example: • [ni] ‘two’ has one mora. • [san] ‘three’ has two morae. • The first mora, if not accented, has a Low F0. • Morae following the accent have Low F0. It’s actually slightly more complicated than this; for more info, see: http://sp.cis.iwate-u.ac.jp/sp/lesson/j/doc/accent.html

33. Japanese Examples • asa ‘morning’ H-L • asa ‘hemp’ L-H

34. “chopsticks” H-L-L • “bridge” L-H-L • “edge” L-H-H

35. Length Distinctions • Another suprasegmental linguistic feature is quantity. • Note: • Quantity = Linguistic • Length = Perceptual • Duration = Acoustic • Quantity distinctions are also relative. • depend on speaker • depend on speaking rate

36. Danish Vowels

37. = 150 milliseconds = 275 milliseconds • Differences in quantity between segments translates to relative differences in duration.

38. Italian • Italian contrasts both long and short vowels and consonants. • Note: Italian has both palatal nasals and palatal laterals.