Chapter 9 Section 4

1. The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades Chapter 9 Section 4

2. Explain the reign of Justinian Anaulze the changes from Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire Explain life in Constantinople Explain the problems of the Byzantine Empire Analyze the crusades Objectives:

3. Western Roman Empire- Germanic Tribes, Eastern Roman Empire- continued. • Justinian became Eastern Roman Emperor in 527 and wanted to reestablish the whole Empire. • By 522 his empire included Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria. • Most important contribution was his codification of Roman Law, called The Body of Civil Law. The Reign of Justinian

4. Justinians empire had many problems. • too much territory away from Constantinople, • empty treasury • population decline, • and frontier threats. • Most serious challenge- rise of Islam. • Smaller Eastern Roman Empire called the Byzantine Empire emerged and lasted until 1453. From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire

5. Both Greek and Christian State. • Greek replaced Latin as the official language. • Christian church of the Byzantine empire came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. • Emperor was head of the church, known s the Patriarch.

6. Up until the 12th century, Constantinople was medieval Europe’s trading center. • East v. West crossover • Justinian spent a great deal of time on public works programs: • Roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, schools, churches, and underground reservoirs. • Greatest Achievement: Hagia Sophia Life in Constantinople

7. Online Tour of Hagia Sophia

8. Byzantine empire recovered and even expanded through a new dynasty of emperors called the Macedonians (867-1081) • Expanded from Bulgaria to the Balkans • Macedonian dynasty of the 10th and 11th century restored power, but bad rulers soon destroyed most of the advances. New Heights and problems

10. Problems with the Church: Eastern Orthodox faith refused to accept pope’s claim that he was the sole head of the Christian faith. • 1054- Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated one another, beginning a schism. • Challenge from the Seljuk Turks, which resulted in emperor Alexius I turning to Europe for military aid, resulting in the Crusades.

11. Military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. • Pope Urban saw Alexius I call for help as a change to rally warriors for the liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Palestine) from the infidels or unbelievers- the Muslims living in the area. • Western Europeans, particularly the French, formed the first crusading armies. • Different motivating factors for Knights The Crusades

12. Reached Jerusalem in June 1099. • Holy City taken, massacre of the inhabitants. • Crusaders depended on Italian cities for supplies from Europe. • Genoa, Pisa and Venice prospered. The early Crusades- First Crusade

13. Fall of a Latin Kingdom in 1140 led to a call for a Second Crusade, especially from Bernard of Clairvaux. • Second crusade was a failure. • In 1187 Jerusalem fell to the Muslim forces under Saladin. Second Crusade

14. Fall under Saladin led to a Third Crusade led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany; Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England; and Philip II Augustus of France. • Frederick drowned, England and France could not move inland, Philip went home, Richard negotiated with Saladin. Third Crusade

15. 6 years after Saladin died (1193) Pope Innocent III started the 4th Crusade. • Fight over the Byzantine throne, Byzantine army did not recapture Constantinople until 1261. • Germany 1212- Nicholas of Cologne started “children’s crusade” The Later Crusades

16. Historians disagree on the crusades effect on European civilization. Benefited port cities in Italy. First attack on Jews Political impact- break down of feudalism Emergence of Portugal, Spain, England and France as the strongest European states. Effect on history