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Jews in Interwar Hungary

Jews in Interwar Hungary. Hungary. 1867 – autonomy Trianon Treaty – lost 70% of its territory 60% of its population Nation-state Social revolution 1) Karolyi 2) Bela Kun. Historical Context. Acculturation, assimilation : „Hungarians of Mosaic faith“

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Jews in Interwar Hungary

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  1. Jews in Interwar Hungary

  2. Hungary • 1867 – autonomy • Trianon Treaty – lost 70% of its territory • 60% of its population • Nation-state • Social revolution • 1) Karolyi • 2) Bela Kun

  3. Historical Context • Acculturation, assimilation : „Hungarians of Mosaic faith“ • Jews supported by NOBILITY • Medium of – magyrization • - economic modernization • Westjuden – esp. Budapest • Magyrization of Jewish names

  4. Historical context • 1868 • Neology • Orthodoxy • „Status quo“ • Jews as a RELIGIOUS GROUP

  5. Historical Context • Jews= industrial and business bourgeoisie – their children intellectuals and scientists (orientation towards the left) • „Judapest“ • conversions

  6. The End of Old Order • Jews present in Karolyi´s and Bela Kun´s government • counterrevolution – Romanian military intervention • Horthy • white terror, 1919-21 • pogroms

  7. Demography, Status, Culture • Budapest • 23% of the city population • 45% of Hungarian Jews • 65% neologs • Middle class: trade, industry, liberal professions

  8. The New Hungary • 1932 Gömbös • Before Gömbös • Numerus clausus in the universities – JEWS AS NATIONALITY

  9. Jewish Politics • Neolog x orthodox • Zionism only after Nov. 1938 • Rich neolog leadership from Budapest - politics of Hungarian nationalism

  10. Hungarian- Jewish Relation in the 1930´s • Radical right • Hungarian Germans • Nazi influenced army • 1932 – Gyula GÖMBÖS PRIME MINISTER • Alliance with Hitler – hoped in revision of Trianon

  11. 1930´s • 1935 - Arrow Cross Party – extreme right • 1938 • 1st Viennesa Award (after Munich agreement) • May – 1st Jewish law • Late – 2nd Jewish law • Emigration • New conversions • Zionist youth

  12. The War Years • 1944 Horthy to Hitler: „I prefer to solve the Jewish question without having a recourse to brutal and inhumane methods.“ • 1942 Horthy appoints Miklos KALLAY as Prime Minister • March 1944 – German ocupation • May 5- June 7: 300 000 Jews sent to death camps • Oct: Arrow Cross Party in control  pogroms, death marches

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