Interwar Period

1. Interwar Period War Is Over But Global Conflict Remains

2. China • Many Chinese unhappy because they thought by fighting with Allies against Germany would grant their freedom, but instead Treaty of Versailles gave Germany colonies to Japan • Leads to May Fourth Movement – strikes and protests erupt all over China (May 4, 1919) • 1921 – Communist Party of China forms and joins with Nationalists fighting warlords in parts of China • Emergence of nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek • 1927 – Chinese Civil War begins – Chiang Kai-Shek attacks Communists • Surviving Communists are forced to try to rebuild Communist Party • Communists led by Mao Zedong • Undertakes the Long March – 6000 mile trek through China looking for safety • Only 8000 of the starting 100,000 survived

3. India • India fought with British in World War I • Soldiers from India returned home to see they had no new freedoms earned from their sacrifice • Amritsar Massacre – British soldiers kill unarmed demonstrators in city of Amritsar which proved to Indians that they had to get rid of British • Mohandas Gandhi – leader of protests against Britian • 2 main concepts of belief: • Ahimsa – non-violence toward living things • Civil Disobedience – refusal to obey unjust laws • 1920 – starts movement with boycott of British products • 1930 – protest led against British monopoly on salt • Results: • Gandhi and followers were arrested many times – gain public sympathy • 1935 – British grant Indians limited self-rule

4. Turkey Treaty of Sevres following World War I forced Ottoman Empire to give up much of its territory to Allies who were going to give it to Greece • Kemal Mustafa – World War I hero defeated the Greeks and claimed the land for the Turks – named it Republic of Turkey • Became first president of Turkey • Modernized Nation through advancements in industry, education, and other fields • Ended the Muslim influence on the government – made government non-religious

5. Persia • Like Turkey, it looked to modernize • Reza Khan – overthrew the shah (leader) of Persia and named himself shah • Renamed himself Reza Shah Pahlavi • 1935 – Renamed Persia as Iran • Modernized education and industry

6. Impact of British and French in Middle East • British were allowing two nationalist movements to grow in Middle East • Arab Nationalists – who fought with British against Ottoman Empire wanted to build an independent Palestine stretching from Syria to Yemen • Zionist Movement – inspired by British signing of Balfour Declaration which called for a Jewish homeland to be built in Palestine • British and French – instead of granting freedoms of these peoples they claim the land for themselves – many left angry because of broken promises • British did give control of Jordan and Iraq to Arabs which led to influx of immigration of both Jews and Arabs. • Led to fight over rights to Palestine – conflict which is going on today

7. Africa • Nationalism was growing here – especially after fighting for many European armies during World War I • Africans felt that they should have been given their independence for their sacrifices • Africa was in economic ruin • Treaty of Versailles angered them because colonies were not given freedom, but instead were repositioned with European powers • Results: • Pan-African Congresses begin in 1919 – push for independence • Egypt was granted independence in 1922 – British could not control it • Africa would remain under European rule until after World War II

8. Questions • Explain what was going on in the following areas after World War I: • China • India • Turkey • Persia • Africa • Who was Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong? • Why was Gandhi important? • What two movements were forming in the Middle East while the area was under British and French control? • What was the role of the Pan-African Congresses? • Which African nation got its independence?