Farm labourers and servants on a manorial demesne .

1. Farmlabourers and servants on a manorial demesne.

2. Pieter Bruegel, Haymaking, 1565

3. Pieter Bruegel, The Harvesters, 1565

4. Research article (seetextbook) Specializedvocabulary: • The estate : a landedestate – demesne – holdings – a manor – a manor court – a township – tenancies – messuages – estateapparatus - • The staff: customary labour – the manorial staff – the workforce– full-time workers – daylabourers – wagedlabour – yeoman – husbandmen – wet nurse – carter – ploughman - shepherd c) Tasks : husbandry – cropgrowing – marle the soil – reap – harvest – plough – cart – trimhedges – cleargutters d) Farm life : cattle – animal husbandry – rams – pannage - e) Agriculture: oat – wheat – barley – rye – flax - hemp f) Management: deeds – co-heiress – expenditure - expenses – reeve – the bailiff – dowrypayments – allowance – perquisite – cash shortage – overduewage – bargaining power

5. Academicenglish: match the phrases with an equivalent The paper examines an under-exploredsubject A set of accounts The paperdiscusses The author argues that Our knowledge of a key aspect of itispoor The author has foundilluminating documentation on An unusuallyrich source of contracts The authoraddresses important questions Exploit the material A complex web of information Historians claim that Historians are divided over this question The evidencefrom Newton suggests It isnoteworthythat It confirms the generallyheldviewthat It isdebatablewhether There is no clearevidencethat It is important to emphasize It backs up the widespreadbeliefthat An intricate set of indications Use sources It isworthnoticingthat More evidenceisneed to ascertainthat The article tackles an underscrutinized issue The historian claims that Historians argue that The first hand materialgathered in Newton shows Liitleisknown about this crucial question The article focuses on Historiansdisagree over this point One can challenge the ideathat It is crucial to underscore A series of records New documents unearthed by the author shed light on The authorinvestigatesinto major issues

6. Academics Dr Deborah Youngs has been a lecturer in medieval history at Swansea since 1998. Her interests lie in the social and cultural history of Britain and Europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Early research focused on the cultural history of the late medieval English gentry with particular emphasis on their reading preferences and religious devotions. More recently her research has focused on the aging process, exploring the construction, representation and experience of life’s stages in the late Middle Ages. • Dr Youngs’ interest in age and life stage is developed in a number of essays including ‘The life cycle’ in A cultural history of childhood and the family in the Middle Ages, edited by Louise Wilkinson (Berg, forthcoming) and ‘Adulthood in medieval Europe: The prime of life or midlife crisis?’ in Debating the medieval life cycle, edited by Isabelle Cochelin and Karyn Smith (Brepols, forthcoming). A long-term project focuses on ‘adulthood’ in late medieval Britain, covering the transition from youth to maturity and the aging process to ‘old age’. This includes a regional study of older people in Wales in the medieval and early modern periods. • At the same time, Dr Youngs’ research into the social and cultural networks of the English aristocracy has led her to the life of Henry, Lord Stafford (1501–1563) and his collection of c.300 books. She is preparing an edition of his letter book for the Staffordshire Record Society, and intends to examine further his literary associations.

7. Translate the following sentences Les historiens ne sont pas tous d’accord sur la définition d’un domestique. Il n’y a aucune preuve de maltraitance des ouvriers agricoles dans les petits domaines seigneuriaux. L’étude des registres de Newton confirme l’idée généralement admise selon laquelle l’origine sociale du personnel était diverse. L’auteur avance qu’il est probable que les propriétaires aient embauché des ouvriers agricoles supplémentaires au moment des moissons. Il y a peu d’éléments qui suggèrent que le pouvoir était uniquement entre les mains des intendants. Il faut noter que l’ensemble des informations complexes fournies par les registres du domaine de Newton apporte des éclaircissements sur la gestion d’un domaine de moyenne taille tout au long du XVIe.

8. BBC Historyhistory correspondent interviews Deborah Youngswhorecentlyexploitedoutstandingmaterialfrom Newton demesne. Use the article in yourtextbook to answer the questions. Keep in mindthat This magzinedoes not targethistorians or academics but layreaders; This isprimarily an oral interview thenprinted in a magazine.

9. Interview Deborah Youngs, you are a specialist in latemedievalhistoryat Swansea University and you have recently come acrossoutstandingmaterialfrom Newton estate. Can you first tell us about the estate. Whereisitlocated? Is itrepresentative of latemedieval English demesnes? …………………………………………………………………………………………… Throughoutyouresearchdidyouget a precisepicture of Humphrey Newton? Whatkind of man washe? …………………………………………………………………………………………… I guessyouwereenthusiastic about the estateaccountsthatyouscrutinized. What sort of information do the accountscontain? Why are theysovaluable? ………………………………………………………………………………………….. The precariousness of today’s jobs issupposed to be a source of stress for modern workers. Weremedievallabourers and servants hired for long periods or weretheyseasonalworkers? …………………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Interview…/… What sort of people wouldwork on Newton estate? How werethese people recruited? ……………………………………………………………………… In an article youwrote in the Agricultural HistoryReview, youexplainthatlabourers and servants were not paid in cash only. Can yougive us more details as to wagepayment? ……………………………………………………………………….. Whywas Humphrey eager to providehis servants withdecentclothes? ………………………………………………………………………… Doesitmeanthathewas on friendlytermswithhis staff? ………………………………………………………………………… Painting of harvestscenes, likethose by Bruegel for instance, show both men and women in the fields. Werewomenreallyworking in the fields or weretheyconfined to householdtasks? …………………………………………………………………………. Werewomenlesspaidthan men at the time? …………………………………………………………………………. Giventhatwagesat Newton wererelativelylowcompared to otherestates, whatcoul encourage the local labourforce to workthere? Was Humphrey an exceptionnally good lord? …………………………………………………………………………

11. Tompkins H. Matteson, Harvestinghops, 1863 • As one source explains, “the various stages involved in harvesting hops have been painted in meticulous detail. Buildings with chimneys typical of breweries can be seen in the background on the right, but the subject is merely the pretext to depict a highly sentimental rural scene.”