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INCLUSION

INCLUSION. Inclusion.

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INCLUSION

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  1. INCLUSION

  2. Inclusion • The concept of “inclusive recreation is based on providing individualized adaptations, accommodations, and supports so that every person can benefit from a recreation experience in the community with his/her friends. Opportunities should be provided in all areas of leisure services so that people with and without disabilities have choices in a variety of leisure experiences” (County of Henrico).

  3. Hx: How people with disabilities were treated in the past • Dahomean’s culture (Western Africa) • Children born with abnormal physical characteristics were believed to be protected by supernatural beings • Palaung people • Extra fingers/toes were considered to be good luck

  4. Hx: How people with disabilities were treated in the past • Ancient Roman cultures • People who had seizures or hallucinations were thought of as charmed or chosen by the gods • Roman Wealthy Class • Kept “deformed slaves” for amusement • Parents would stunt their children’s growth so they could sell them • People who were short statured or intellectually disabled were kept as household pets

  5. Hx: How people with disabilities were treated in the past • Middle ages (in Europe) • Royalty exchanged people of short stature as gifts (Brasile, Skalko, Burlingame 288)

  6. Hx: Fun Facts • 3500 BC The Rig-Veda, an ancient sacred poem of India, is said to be the first written record of a prosthesis. Written in Sanskrit between 3500 and 1800 B.C., it recounts the story of a warrior, Queen Vishpla, who lost her leg in battle, was fitted with an iron prosthesis, and returned to battle. • 355 BCAristotle said those "born deaf become senseless and incapable of reason." • 218 BC Marcus Sergius, a Roman general who led his legion against Carthage (presently Tunis) in the Second Punic War, sustained 23 injuries and a right arm amputation. An iron hand was fashioned to hold his shield and he was able to go back to battle. He was denied a chance to be a priest because one needed two normal hands. (Disability HIstory Timeline)

  7. Change • 1800’s • Introduces using recreation in institutions for people with mental illnesses • 20th century • Beginning of structured recreation for people with disabilities • Deinstitutionalization movement (mid 1900’s) (Brasile, Skalko, Burlingame 289)

  8. Change: The Deinstitutionalization movement • Purpose: to take people with disabilities out of institutions and return them to their communities • 1960’s • JFK • Based on the concept of Nirje and Wolfensberger (Brasile, Skalko, Burlingame 289)

  9. Change: Nirje and Wolfensberger • All individuals have the right to experience “culturally valued lives” • Wolfensberger believed that people with disabilities should have the same opportunities and treatment as those without disabilities • Physical and social integration • Dignity of risk • Self-determination (Brasile, Skalko, Burlingame 289)

  10. Change: Legislation in the past 30 years • People with disabilities are able to participate in educational, work, and recreational environments • Ultimately, TR was seen as the primary service provider • Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 • Addressed the issue of physical accessibility which opened up many physical environments for individuals with physical limitations (Brasile, Skalko, Burlingame 289)

  11. Change: Legislation in the past 30 years • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act • “The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. Infants and toddlers with disabilities (birth-2) and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA. Children and youth (ages 3-21) receive special education and related services under ” (ED.gov)

  12. Change: Legislation in the past 30 years • Rehabilitation Act of 1973 “The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first “ rights” legislation to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities. This law applied to programs conducted by Federal agencies, those receiving federal funds, such as colleges participating in federal student loan programs, Federal employment, and employment practices of businesses with federal contracts” (The Rehabilitation Act). • Americans with Disabilities Act • After ADA was enacted an increased emphasis was placed on inclusion • handout

  13. Benefits of Inclusion • Improved quality of life • Expands the understanding of disabilities • Enhances social skills (cooperating with others, making friends, respectfulness, and understanding others) • Encourages and builds a sense of belonging • Builds self-esteem and character • Increases the ability to identify and remove barriers in recreation and school • Develops skills needed to approach challenges • Teaches valuing differences • Provides a better sense of self-worth • Develops sensitivity and understanding toward others • Decrease in levels of stress • A new sense of meaning of activities • Increased physical fitness • Opportunities to meet friends and socialize • An enhanced sense of self • A sense of accomplishment • A sense of belonging • A connection with one's own community • (NIRI) • (Rise Above!)

  14. Barriers to Inclusion • Safety • Lack of programs • Age-appropriateness • Lack of acceptance • Ignorance • Transportation • Limited income/financial • Human Resources • Essential Eligibility • Lack of adaptations • (Inclusion manual)

  15. Rationale for exclusion • Unreasonable accommodation • Basically… reasonable accommodations are changes people make to allow a person with a disability to meet the essential eligibility requirements (County of Henrico) • Undue burden • “The term "undue hardship" means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense, when considered in light of the factors” (ADA). • Essential Eligibility

  16. Essential Eligibility • Has nothing to do with disability • The minimum set of factors that determines whether any person is eligible to participate in a program • Changes from program to program, but NOT person to person • Capacity • If a class is full, nobody else can register. • Denial is because of capacity (not race, gender, disability, etc) • Charges • Everyone must pay the same amount to register for a class (unless on reduced fee or scholarship) • Conduct • Everyone abides by the same reasonable rules of conduct (County of Henrico)

  17. Other factors in essential eligibility • Age • A program with a specific age range (ex: preschool) • If a person who is 40 years old has the cognitive ability within that age range is not allowed to join because he/she doesn't meet the minimum eligibility • Residency • Parks and Rec departments may treat residents differently than non-residents • Gender • Ok to have separate girls and boys teams/activities • Fairness of access is essential • Minimum Physical/Mental/Skill Competency • “Essential eligibility may include a minimum of physical/mental or skill competency requirement” (County of Henrico)

  18. What can we do as professionals? • Create environments that are designed to encourage social interaction, risk-taking, fun, choices, and acceptance • Create environments that allow for accomplishment in a cooperative context • Eliminate physical barriers in order to facilitate full participation by people with disabilities • Remove or minimize attitudinal barriers in all existing and future recreation services • Do this by educating and training staff, volunteers, students, and community • Modify equipment • Reduce distractions • Provided one on one instruction • Vary method of instruction • Provide extra visual and verbal cues • Follow a routine or schedule • Alternate quiet and active time • Provide space for movement or breaks (INCLUSION) (NRPA)

  19. Real life situations: • “A 13 y.o. with the mental and physical development of a 1 y.o. is registered for a teen program • Teen, child sexual predator registers for camp program • Participant physically assaults staff and participants” (Kleinman)

  20. Questions: • Do you think this participant should be allowed to participate in the program/activity? Why or why not? • Do you think it is fair or unfair to deny this person participation and to whom? • Based on this situation, where and how would you draw the line toward allowing or denying this participant the right to participate? • What accommodations could be made to allow this participant participation?

  21. 100% Inclusion Advantages Disadvantages Additional help may not be available (even when promised) Feel unsuccessful (too challenged) • “Training” for adulthood • Learn from peers • Challenged by peers (leads to socialization) • Learn and experience same things as peers • Increased growth and development from people with and without disabilities (Special Education Foundation)

  22. Segregation Advantages Disadvantages No challenge of learning with peers (facilitates better learning and social skills) Don’t learn how to function in the community (difficult for them to integrate) • Trained staff (know how to work with individuals with disabilities) • Specifically designed programs (Special Education Foundation)

  23. Resources • ADA. “Reasonable Accommodation.” <http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm#Anchor-Sec-49575>. • ADA. “Undue Hardship.” <http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm#Anchor-Sec-49575>. • The Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Boston University. 9 Mar. 2009. <http://www.bu.edu/cpr/reasaccom/whatlaws-rehaba.html>. • Brasile, Frank, Thomas Skalko, and Joan Burlingame. Perspectives in Recreational Therapy: Issues of A Dynamic Profession. Idyll Arbor, Inc 1998. • Disability History Timeline. 23 Sep. 2003. 8 Mar. 2009. <http://www.disablityhistory.org/timeline_new.html>. • Ed.Gov. US Department of Education. Building the Legacy: IDEA 2004. 9 Mar. 2009. <http://http://idea.ed.gov/>. • Epstein, David. “Pistorius’ victory is inspirational– and controversial.” SI.com. 16 May 2008. 27 Feb 2009. <http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/david_epstein/05/1 6/Pisotrius>.

  24. Resources Continued: • INCLUSION. “Structuring for Success.” County of Henrico, Virginia. • Kleinman, Steve. “Help-I have a Staff Mutiny on my Hands.”NIRI. Prince George’s County, Maryland. 8 Sep. 2001. • NRPA. “National Recreation and Park Association Position Statement on Inclusion.” 24 Oct. 1999. • Rise Above!. City of Lakewood. Inclusion. • Special Friends Foundation.Inclusion Model with Identified Supports vs. Segregated Special Education Classes. <http://www.specialfriends.org/Inclusion.html>. • Wachter, Cynthia and Amanda McGowan. “Inclusion Practices of Special Recreation Agencies in Illinois.” Therapeutic Recreation Journal 36 (2002):172-185.

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