Inclusion

1. Inclusion John Keenan john.keenan@newman.ac.uk

2. Happy New Year • What do you need today? • What do you need from this module? • What do you need in your teaching?

3. What are you doing? • PGCE • QTS

4. QTS Teach Pass observations at Meeting + Evidence against the QT Standards Teacher File

5. PGCE Attend Pass two assignments at Level 6 or Level 7 1. Evidence-based 2. Professional

6. Professional • Critically analyse literature around the many Englishes which exist including dialects. Explore pedagogical views on Standard English. • Examine reasons for studying literature including the sociological, psychological, aesthetic and cultural approaches. • Consider why texts gain a position in the Classical Canon and political stances to teaching it. • Examine through a review of literature, the nature of dyslexia, autism, ADHD and other learning disabilities and how they affect pupils’ language development. • Critique a range of pedagogies in order to explore the most apt for teaching English in schools.

7. Professional • Critically analyse literature around drama including pedagogical approaches. • Examine reasons for studying drama including the sociological, psychological, aesthetic and cultural approaches. • Examine through a review of literature, the nature of dyslexia, autism, ADHD and other learning disabilities and how they affect pupils’ language development. • Critique a range of pedagogies in order to explore the most apt for teaching drama in schools.

8. Today… • Examine through a review of literature, the nature of dyslexia, autism, ADHD and other learning disabilities and how they affect pupils’ language development.

9. Assignment Details: 4000 words A critical analysis of an evidence-based approach to teaching in English or drama consisting of: A review of research literature on a problematic aspect of teaching and learning drama that has been agreed with the module leader. A discussion of the potential implications of the reviewed literature for the effective teaching of a problematic part of the drama curriculum. Suggestions for how these implications might inform teaching of the chosen part of the curriculum.

10. Since the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act2001 mainstream schools have been required to offer an inclusive education for students with special educational needs (SEN): ‘Schools… Should actively seek to remove the barriers to learning and participation they can hinder or exclude pupils with special educational needs’ (p.2). This legislation is supported by both the Teaching Standards2011 and the 2015 SEN Code of Practice. My approach when dealing with pupils with barriers to learning in my classroom is to treat every pupil as an individual with individual needs: in fact that is true for the non-SEN pupils too. To me, differentiation is about understanding how individual students learn and tailoring my teaching to facilitate that. My experience in both being dyslexic and working as a teaching assistant with dyslexic students for a number of years tells me that attempting to treat two dyslexic students the same simply because they’re both dyslexic does not work. This point is emphasised by Mortimore who a swelling from 11 to over 40 definitions of dyslexia in just a few years (citing  Rice and Brooks, 2008, p.50). With over 40 definitions of what dyslexia is, attempting to treat any two dyslexic pupils in the same way simply because they’re both dyslexic would be folly. I was not diagnosed with dyslexia until I got to university as a 19-year-old. I went all the way through school and further education and achieved GCSEs and A-levels with an undiagnosed learning difficulty. I was able to do this because I developed coping strategies to help me overcome my difficulties. Once I was made aware of my unconscious actions I was able to identify a number of techniques I had used throughout my education. I am a strong believer that SEN pupils need to be able to develop these coping strategies while at school because once they leave education the inclusive and supportive nature of the school environment is no longer there: ‘In the 19th [century], as the modern emphasis on qualification by examination came into being, the bad speller might find his livelihood threatened by his disability’ (Stirling quoting Scragg, 1993, p.16). Students with barriers to learning have to work harder than those without simply to keep up. I often liken this to an athlete going to altitude training – it is more difficult in the moment but when facing a competitor who has not trained at altitude you have an advantage. Students need to develop their own coping strategies as this is what gives them strength, their motivation to do this comes from not wanting to appear weak or stupid in front of their peers: ‘Most children in school are at least afraid of the mockery and contempt of their peer group as they are of their teacher’ (Holt, 1964, p.36). My view of how to treat SEN students is based in the same logic as my view of how to approach pedagogy: we must allow students to craft their own learning, there is very little point telling them the answers (Dewey and Dewey, 1915, quoted in Cope and Kalantzis, 2012, p.46). This means that I attempt structure my lessons in a way that allows pupils to both struggle and succeed in a variety of ways, not simply the lesson objectives. I believe drama is a holistic subject, and there are few better examples of this than when talking about SEN and barriers to learning. Allowing students to express themselves, their feelings and experiences in a safe and encouraging environment is a large, long-term aim of mine. Learning how to express oneself is a major factor in learning an art. Encouraging pupils to understand the feelings of others is very important, both students with barriers to learning towards those without, and vice-versa: as Brecht said “one thinks feelings and one feels thoughtfully” (Brecht, 1964, cited  in Eagleton, 2006). Within a drama lesson any task will have a range of challenges for students: it may be the refinement of a specific skill, interacting in a group, saying a line on a stage or overcoming stage fright. My task as a teacher is to structure and scaffold (Vygotsky, 1978) all of these different, unseen and unrecognised (Petty, 2004, P.19) lessons so students can achieve.

11. Problématisation • Problematisation does not mean the representation of a pre-existent object nor the creation through discourse of an object that did not exist. It is the ensemble of discursive and non-discursive practices that make something enter into the play of true and false and constitute it as an object of thought (Foucault, Dits et écrits IV, 1975, 670) • To analyze problematizations is not to reveal a hidden and suppressed contradiction: it is to address that which has already become problematic. For a problematization to have formed, something prior “must have happened to have made it uncertain, to have made it lose its familiarity, or to have provoked a certain number of difficulties around it” • (Rabinow and Rose, 2009, The Essential Foucault : Introduction, 14)

13. Why differentiate?

14. Outstanding Teachers – Ofsted’ s Made to Measure findings (2012) • Important to achieve a healthy balance of differentiation. Outstanding teachers plan for differentiation which ensures progress for all learners • They use sound techniques to ensure they differentiate resources, and their teaching approach. • Taking a varied teaching approach is important in securing levels of engagement and interest from learners

15. 5 Adapt teaching to respond to the strengths and needs of all pupils  know when and how to differentiate appropriately, using approaches which enable pupils to be taught effectively  have a secure understanding of how a range of factors can inhibit pupils’ ability to learn, and how best to overcome these  demonstrate an awareness of the physical, social and intellectual development of children, and know how to adapt teaching to support pupils’ education at different stages of development  have a clear understanding of the needs of all pupils, including those with special educational needs; those of high ability; those with English as an additional language; those with disabilities; and be able to use and evaluate distinctive teaching approaches to engage and support them

17. We cannot communicate with everyone in the same way

18. We think only in signs – C S Pierce The Sign Denotation Connotation Polysemic signs Myth – Barthes - Culturally dependent age, gender, ethnicity, etc. – social selves

19. How do social selves change the meaning of signs? Age, gender, ethnicity, social class, etc.

20. The past is a foreign country. They do things differently there.

21. Types of differentiation?

22. 10 Types of Differentiation • Task – different tasks based on prior attainment • Outcome – common task but different expectations • Pace – time allocated is based on prior skills • Support – common task more/less support • Resources – common task but different resources • Grouping – common task but different groupings • Information – common task but different information • Role – common task but different roles • Homework – different homework • Dialogue/Using Questions – adapts questions and responses What is missing?

23. Outstanding teachers use a combination of these strategies • Differentiation by types of activity : pupils have separate and distinct activities that all work towards achieving the learning outcome(s) of the lesson • Differentiation by resource: pupils are all using the same mathematical concept to answer the same basic question e.g. find the mean, but there are different levels of challenge throughout; numbers, operations, wording.. • Differentiation by ability or task: pupils are assigned different levels of work (based on the mini-assessments) in which the questions are different • Differentiation by outcome: all pupils complete (the same open-ended task/rich/investigational) but different pupils outcomes determine the level of differentiation • Differentiation by grouping: using peer ability groups (mini groups within sets), all assign roles within groups • Differentiation by learning preference: differentiate activities or resources to accommodate different learning styles or theories • Differentiation through questioning: use different styles and levels of questioning to challenge pupils effectively • Differentiation by interest : adapt questions or resources to ensure that they appeal to the interests of different learners

24. 5. Differentiation by Resource Give an example of when you have done this in your lesson

25. Differentiation by questioning Give an example of when you have done this in your lesson.

26. Differentiation by Learning Preference Looking at learners learning styles (VAK?) or learning theories : constructivism, socio- constructivism -Collaborative learning, independent learning…Give an example of when you have done this in your lesson.

27. Differentiation by lesson outcome ALL, MOST, SOME. Sometimes complete the same task and various pupils outcomes provide the differentiation. Not considered as best practice of differentiation- as this does not personalise the mathematical experience for learners (Ofsted, 2012). Really teachers who don’t differentiate appropriately do this regularly (Ofsted, 2012) Nevertheless, give an example…

29. Being positive about difference Isn’t difference lovely? https://youtu.be/hpiIWMWWVco https://youtu.be/KHR6HkHySWY https://youtu.be/S4Q3WGxvyZg

30. Before you start to differentiate you need to?

32. The creation of difference

33. Making difference Ancient cultures (Egypt, Rome, Greece) did not differentiate by skin colour but by social status Algerian culture values blue-black above all Traditional Masai cultures though light skin was cursed UK in 18th Century valued lead-white skin Snowden, F (1970). Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience. Harvard University Press.

34. What are the problems of differentiation?

37. Known Problems • The use of certain of differentiation can label and demotivate learners…impacts on confidence, self esteem (Abraham , 2008) • Too much differentiation- feel out of control/chaotic to manage • Hard to achieve when content is delivered for examinations • Differentiation can often be perceived by some teachers as more workload • Often teachers feel that ability groups where pupils are similar; there is no need for differentiation • Assessment of differentiated learning episodes Your Problems

38. What has gone before? Why did it disappear? National Record of Achievement - research Every Child Matters - research Individual Learning Plans - research

39. https://youtu.be/QereR0CViMY

40. The Social Self ‘the process of recognition by the individual of herself or himself as a subject within ideology’ Weedon C 2004 Idenity and Culture Milton Keynes: OUP

41. What lies behind the way we structure the world is, ‘not directly available to the senses … non observable … unconscious’ Strinati D 1995 An introduction to theories of popular culture London: Routledge p96

42. Solutions: awareness White discourse http://www.clipupload.com/clip/showphoto.php/photo/1934/cat/501 Where is its power?

43. “people make history but not under conditions of their choice” Louis Althusser Marx cited in Bauman 2004 ANSE Conference May 7th, Netherlands

44. Michel Foucault Plague society - controlled Institutions - control Panopticon – being watched Discipline and punishment

45. Foucault Discipline and Punishment

46. A discursive framework A paradigm “stands for the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given community” Kuhn 1970 cited in Aldoory 2005: 669

47. Garner 2010 405-9

48. Think about school What are the rules? What happens if you break the rules? Who is watching you?

49. Think about teaching What are the rules? What happens if you break the rules? Who is watching you?

50. Think about being a teenager What are the rules? What happens if you break the rules? Who is watching you?