1 / 46

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe. I. Spain. European Monarchies sought to consolidate power Absolutism : complete control of govt. Divine right : god chose the monarch to rule Hapsburgs one of the most powerful families Charles V was H.R.E. and the king of Spain

banagher-joly
Download Presentation

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

  2. I. Spain • European Monarchies sought to consolidate power • Absolutism: complete control of govt. • Divine right: god chose the monarch to rule • Hapsburgs one of the most powerful families • Charles V was H.R.E. and the king of Spain • Divided his realm upon retirement • Philip II got Spain, Holland, and S. Italy • Ferdinand (brother) was H.R.E

  3. A. Philip II • 1556-1598 • Devout Catholic • Prudent King who build the El Escorial palace • 1. Unrest • Kingdom not united politically yet • Struggle for power between Castile and Aragon • Madrid the capital (Castile) • Trade controlled by Seville • Aragon revolted in the 1590s, put down

  4. A. Philip II cont. • 2. Religious Policy • Supported the Inquisition against non-Catholics • Protestants, Marranos (converted Jews), and Moriscos (converted Muslims) • Moriscos revolted and were crushed in 1609 • Imposed Catholicism on the Netherlands in 1567 • The Dutch rebelled and declared independence in 1581 • England supported w/ sea dogs • 1571, defeated the Ottoman Turks in Greece

  5. A. Philip II cont. • 3. Spanish Armada • Elizabeth aided the Dutch • A protestant • May 1588, 130 ships and 33,000 men sailed to invade England • July, English ships sailed faster than the Spanish in the English Channel • Had long range cannons and fire ships • Bad storms threw them off course, they lost many ships coming back to England • Marked the decline of Spain and the rise of England as powers

  6. B. Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs • 1550-1650, Spain’s golden century • Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote • Wars, inflation, and wastefulness hurt Spain • Lost skilled artisans in Jews and Muslims • Philip’s successors overtaxed the people • Rebellion • Charles II, 1665 was the last Hapsburg • No heir • Other kings plotted to take over

  7. II. England • A. Early Tudors • Henry VII became king in 1485 after the War of the Roses • Rebuilt trade of England • Gave titles to supporters • 1. Henry VIII • Made England into a naval power • Marital problems led to clashes • House of Commons increased their strength • 2. Edward VI and Mary I • Edward died at age 15 • Mary returned Catholicism • Married Philip II • Bloody Mary • Lost the port of Calais in war with France • Died childless

  8. B. Elizabeth I • 1558-1603 • Shrewd and highly educated • Presided over a great cultural period • Shakespeare • 1. Marriage • The Virgin Queen • Did not marry to keep her power • 2. Court and Govt. • Assisted by a council of nobles • Parliament advised and urged her • Justices of the peace enforced laws • Collect taxes too

  9. B. Elizabeth I cont. • 3. Social and Economic Policy • Society led by the queen, her court, nobles, and gentry • Middle class was next • Yeomen the lowest: farmers • Statute of Apprentices of 1563 made work a social and moral duty • Had to live and work where you were born • Lavish court paid by selling lands, titles, offices, licenses, and monopolies • Often had to turn to Parliament for funds

  10. B. Elizabeth I cont. • 4. Foreign Policy • Relied on the navy for defense • Worked to maintain a balance of power in Europe • No one country can dominate • Switched alliances to do this • Sought to gain power in Scotland and Ireland (Catholics) • Forced Mary, Queen of Scots to abdicate in 1567 (her cousin) • 1587, she was executed for plotting with Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth • Conquered Ireland in the 1590s • Died in 1603, James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots, became king • Started the Stuart dynasty

  11. III. France • A. Henry IV • Protestant who converted to Catholicism • Issued the Edict of Nantes • Granted religious freedom, but made Catholicism the state religion • No Protestants allowed in Paris • Allowed France to rebuild after religious wars • Built up the treasury, repaired infrastructure, and improved the army • All without the approval of the Estates-General

  12. B. Cardinal Richelieu • Henry IV assassinated in 1610 • 9-year-old son, Louis XIII couldn’t rule yet • Marie de Medici (mother) ruled as a regent • Louis gained the throne in 1617 • Gave power to one of her advisors: Cardinal Richelieu • Louis gradually gave complete control of the govt. to Richelieu

  13. B. Cardinal Richelieu cont. • Two goals • Make an absolute monarchy • Make France the strongest nation in Europe • Brought nobles under control • Destroyed their castles and took their localized power • 1625, Huguenots rebelled • Afterwards, Richelieu took away independent fortified towns from the Huguenots • Built up the economy • Supported French culture • Organized the French Academy, 1635 (writers)

  14. C. Louis XIV • The Sun King • Became king at age 5, 1643 • France ruled by his mother and Cardinal Mazarin (Richelieu’s successor) • 1661, Louis announced he would rule (age 23) • Ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in European history • His rule set the style for European monarchs to emulate • Lavish court • Pomp and pageantry

  15. C. Louis XIV cont. • 1. Absolute Rule • As a child, he witnessed a series of uprisings, the Fronde, 1648-1653 • Mobs rioted in Paris • He never forgot the ordeal • Supported Jacques Bossuet because he supported divine right • Kings need no account except to god

  16. C. Louis XIV cont. • 2. Court Life • Built the new palace of Versailles, outside of Paris • No expense was spared • Made the nobles live with him for periods of time • 10,000 people lived there • Made them compete for his favors • They depended on him for pensions, posts, and protection • Freed them for taxes • Sold many offices

  17. C. Louis XIV cont. • 3. Government Policies • Top advisers from the middle-class • Did not standardize laws and measurements • Created new offices and practices to suit him • Ministers promoted mercantilism, trade, industry, and strengthening the military

  18. C. Louis XIV cont. • 4. Taxation • Did not adjust the system • Taxed the poor and middle-class • The wealthy and the clergy were exempt • Discouraged hard work and improvement for fears of higher taxes

  19. C. Louis XIV cont. • 5. Religious Policy • Repealed the Edict of Nantes and persecuted Huguenots • Their kids had to be Catholic • 200,00 fled the country • 6. Expansion • Expanded colonies in America, Asia, and Africa • Tried to claim the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II • Austria and France had claims • Charles’ will gave Spain to Louis’ grandson • Philip V • Plunged Europe into the War of Spanish Succession

  20. C. Louis XIV cont. • 7. Conflict • 1701-1713 • Grand Alliance vs. France and Spain • England, Holland, and Austria • Treaty of Utrecht allowed Philip V to rule • Spanish and French crowns could not unite • Lost some colonies and drained the treasury

  21. C. Louis XIV cont. • 8. Louis XIV’s Legacy • Brightest cultural period for France • His ambitions almost bankrupt the country • Nobles were weaker, cannot govern • Resentment among the lower classes • Louis XV inherits the problems, 1715

  22. IV. The German States • A. The Thirty Years War • Conflict between Catholics and Protestants • Calvinism spread and was not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg • 1618, war began in Bohemia • Ferdinand of Styria, heir to the H.R.E. throne • Persecuted Protestants of Bohemia • Czechs rebelled • Turned into a full-scale war when Ferdinand and other princes fought Protestant princes

  23. A. The Thirty Years War cont. • Philip III of Spain sent aid to Catholics • Czech revolt was crushed by 1620 • Forced to be Catholic • Denmark and Sweden join the Protestants to gain territory • 1635, Cardinal Richelieu joined the Protestant side to keep the Hapsburgs in check • 13 more years of heavy fighting • Germany lost about 1/3 of its people • Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 • Weakening of Germany and the rise of France • Calvinism recognized • H.R.E. divided into 300 states • Hapsburgs still ruled Austria and Bohemia

  24. B. Austria • Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia still powerful • 1683, lifted a siege of Vienna by the Ottomans • The Poles helped • 1718, regained land in the Balkans • Received the Spanish Netherlands after the War of Spanish Succession • 1740, Maria Theresa inherited the throne • Pragmatic Sanction was signed in 1718 to protect her rule • Charles VI did this • No training, but she was a good ruler and made Austria stronger

  25. C. Prussia • France and Prussia opposed pragmatic sanction • Brandenburg-Prussia was ruled by the Hohenzollern family • Gained land in the Thirty Years’ War • 1. Great Elector • Frederick William created a permanent standing army • The nobles, or Junkers, opposed his plan to raise taxes • Frederick allowed the Junkers to be free of taxes and to have power over peasants • Frederick I took over and became a king for his help against Louis XIV

  26. C. Prussia cont. • 2. Frederick William I • 1713-1740 • Powerful • Centralized the govt. • Royal Drill Sergeant • Had a personal regiment of giants • Obsessed over making the army the best

  27. C. Prussia cont. • 3. Frederick II • Adopted his father’s military ways and sought to expand • Rejected pragmatic sanction and seized Silesia • Sparked the War of Austrian Succession • After seven years, Prussia gained the territory in a victory • Maria Theresa switched alliances from England to France, Russia joined Austria too • Helped start the Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 • Prussia did well • Treaty of Paris led to the decline of France overseas

  28. V. Russia • Big territorial gains from 1500-1800s • Slavs lost territory elsewhere though • A. Rise of Russia • Isolated from Europe during the Crusades and Renaissance’ • Influenced by Byzantine culture • Had catching up to do • Russian monarchy was all-powerful

  29. A. Rise of Russia cont. • 1. Ivan IV • “the Terrible” or “the Awesome” • Witnessed nobles trying to grab power as a boy • Saw treason everywhere, cruel to many close to him • Killed his own son • Placed the boyars under his rule by taking their land • Placed those loyal to him there • Had a secret police • Increased trade • Conquered Mongol land • Lost in a war to gain area near the Baltic Sea • To Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden

  30. A. Rise of Russia cont. • 2. The Time of Troubles • 1598-1613, nobles feuded for control • Peasant revolts and foreign invasions • 1613, an assembly picked Michael Romanov to rule • Boyars became closer to Czars • Peasants became serfs

  31. B. Peter the Great • 1689-1725 • Tall, energetic, and hot-tempered • 1. Encounter With the West • Loved practical subjects • Navigation and shipbuilding • Toured western Europe for 18 months after becoming Czar • Learned new skills • Returned determined to westernize Russia • Adopted French habits, dress, customs, and language • Made the nobles do it too • Built St. Petersburg as a new “western” city

  32. B. Peter the Great cont. • 1. Foreign Policy • Made Russia into European power • Took over Siberia, Alaska, and parts of California • Modernized the military • Defeated the Swedes to gain control of the Baltic Sea • 2. Govt. Administration • Central bureaucracy created • Brought local govts. and the Orthodox Church under his control • Nobles were given feudal estates and freed from taxes

  33. B. Peter the Great cont. • 3. Economic Changes • Agriculture and crafts under govt. control • Gave incentives to expand • 4. Effects • Modernized Russia • Split the country between those who accepted European ways and those who didn’t

  34. C. Catherine the Great • Weak rulers after Peter until Catherine II in 1762 • Took the throne from her husband and ruled until 1796 • Believed all men were equal • Considered freeing the serfs until a rebellion • Then let the nobles do as they pleased with them • Succeeded in taking a warm-water port on the Black Sea • Defeated the Ottomans • Partitioned Poland with Prussia and Austria • Last great absolute ruler of Europe

More Related