Plant breeding

1. Plant breeding Food production Animal husbandry

2. outbreeding Breeding of unrelated animals May be between individuals of the same breed(but having no common ancestors) Or between different breeds (cross breeding )or different species(inter – specific hybridization)

3. Inbreeding Inbreeding depression Inbreeding depression

4. Inbreeding Inbreeding depression Inbreeding depression

5. Out - crossing Mating of animals within the same breed But having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations Offspring - out cross Best breeding method for animals – below average in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle etc

6. Cross breeding Zorse – Zebra and Horse Cross Superior male on one breed Superior female of another breed Hybrid Desirable qualities of two different breeds are combined. Progeny –used for commercial production. subjected to inbreeding& selection--- stable breeds

7. Cross breeding Merino rams Bikaneri rams Hisardale (new breed of sheep – Punjab)

8. Interspecific hybridization Male and female animals of two different species are mated. Progeny - desirable characters of both the parents - May have considerable value Mule moving goods in the car-free Medina in Fes, Morocco

9. Artificial insemination Semen is collected from male parent Injected into the reproductive tract of selected female To carry out desirable mating

10. MATED WITH ELITE BULL/ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATED FSH administration NON SURGICAL REMOVAL OF FERTILIZED EGGS AT 8-32 CELLS STAGE GENETIC MOTHER SURROGATE MOTHER

11. The early differentiation of the granulosa cells during preantral folliculogenesis involves the expression of FSH receptors.

12. 8-cell embryo for transfer

13. BEE PASTURES (OF WILD SHRUBS, fruit orchards, cultivated crops)

15. Apis indica Apis mellifera

16. Beeswax

17. Beeswax is mainly used to make honeycomb foundation for reuse by the bees. • Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals: • As a coating for cheese, to protect the food as it ages. As a food additive, it is known as E901 (glazing agent). • As a skin care product, a German study found beeswax to be superior to similar "barrier creams" (usually mineral oil based creams, such as petroleum jelly), • Beeswax is an ingredient in moustache wax, as well as hair pomades. • Beeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone wax. • Candles • Beeswax was traditionally prescribed as the material (or at least a significant part of the material) for the Paschal candle ("Easter candle") and is recommended for other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church.[9] • Beeswax is used commercially to make fine candles.

18. Beeswax candles and figures

19. Honey used as medicine IN COSMETICS

20. swarm catching and hiving, summer hive management. Top Bar Hives

21. for collection of honey'

22. Fishery lobsters catching processing selling Prawns Edible oysters crabs

23. Fresh water fish Comman carp catla catla Rohu

24. Marine water fish Hilsa pomfrets mackerel Sardines

25. Coastal area Fishing

26. Aquaculture Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center pisciculture

27. Plant breeding

28. Plant breeding Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars Collection of variability Evaluation and selection of parents Cross hybridization among the selected parents Selection and testing of superior recombinants

29. Collection of variability Collection and preservation of all the wild varieties, species and relatives of cultivated species For effective exploitation of natural genes available in the population Genetic variability Entire collection of plants and seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a crop Germplasm collection

30. Evaluation and selection of parents Germplasm – evaluated to identify plants with desirable characters. Plants are multiplied & used in hybridisation Pure lines are created wherever possible

31. Cross hybridization among the selected parents Hybrids Time consuming & tedious process. Why?

32. Since the pollen grains from desirable plant chosen as male parent have to be collected and placed on the stigma of the flowers selected as female parent. • It is not necessary that hybrids do combine the desirable characters. Only one in thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.

33. Selection and testing of superior recombinants Selection among the progeny of hybrids Self pollinated for several generations till they reach homozygosity (UNIFORMITY) Combination of desirable characters in a single plant ( no segregation of the characters)

34. Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars For Three growing seasons Testing in research field Agroclimatic zones New cultivars of apples

35. Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum saccharum barberi Thicker stems and high sugar content Poor sugar content and yield North India

36. Millets Hybrid Jowar Maize Hybrid

37. Plant breeding for disease resistance To prevent the pathogen from causing disease Crops in tropical climates To reduce the dependence on fungicides and insecticides fungi virus bacteria 20-30% crop loss increase food production Breeding and developing cultivars resistance to diseases

38. Blight of potato Fungal disease Brown rust of wheat

39. Disease – bacteria Black Rot of Crucifers

40. Viral diseases Tobacco mosaic disease Turnip mosaic disease

41. Turnip mosaic virus symptoms on the internal leaves of cabbage

42. METHODS OF BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE CONVENTIONAL BREEDING METHOD – HYBRIDISATION AND SELECTION. Steps involved: a) screening germplasm for resistance sources b) hybridisation of selected parents c)selection and evaluation of the hybrids d) testing and release of new varieties

43. Table 9.1

44. Hill bunt stripe rust Himgiri Leaf rust

45. white rust in brassica plant Brassica

46. cauliflower Black rot

47. cowpea Pusa komal Bacterial blight of cowpea

48. pusa sadabahar- chilli chilli mosaic virus

49. Conventional breeding is constrained. Why? Limited number of disease resistance genes are available. They are identified in various crop varieties/wild relatives. Other breeding methods that are used are : Selection among somaclonal variants genetic engineering

50. Mutation breeding Genetic variations are created Using chemicals Radiations – gamma radiation Through changes in the base sequences of genes Creation of new traits that are not found in parent