The Mughal Empire

2. The Mughal Empire

3. The Arrival of Islam Muslim Raiders • During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first time • Traders sailed to ports on west coast in search of goods such as spices • Over time, traders settled in India, lived peacefully beside Hindus, Buddhists • Next Muslims to arrive not so peaceful • Early 700s, Muslim raiders invaded, conquered region of Sind, in what is now Pakistan • 300 years later, Muslims poured into north India from Afghanistan • By 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim control Muslim Rule in India After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500s, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms.

4. Delhi Sultanate • Once Muslims took control of north India, established new government for region based in city of Delhi • Government became known as Delhi sultanate • Rulers in sultanate tolerant, allowed traditional customs, religions • Blending of Cultures • Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through India • Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi • New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements • Example: new language, Urdu, formed from combination of Arabic, Sanskrit

5. Sequence How did Muslims come to rule India? Answer(s): Muslim raiders conquered the region in the early 700s; in the 1200s the Delhi sultanate was established

6. Babur Mughal Empire Wealth, Power • Young Central Asian conqueror named Zahir ud-Din, better known as Babur, “the tiger,” took advantage of India’s weakness • Tried, failed to create empire in Central Asia • Next turned to India • By 1526, had defeated rulers of Delhi, founded Mughal Empire • Name comes from Persian word Mogul for “Mongol” • Mughals reigned as India’s first great Muslim empire • Great civilization, known for wealth, power A New Empire • The Delhi sultanate remained strong for about 300 years. • By the early 1500s, its power was weakening. • This weakening left India open to invasion.

7. Akbar the Great • Babur’s Grandson • Babur died shortly after conquest of India, task of organizing what he conquered fell to descendants • Most done by grandson, Akbar the Great • Diverse Population • Akbar took throne at age 13, but became greatest of all Mughal rulers • Realized India had diverse population, which could lead to breakdown of empire; did everything he could to win people’s loyalty • Expanding Rule • Akbar married daughter of local noble to win noble’s support • Brought sons of other nobles to live at court • Did not hesitate to fight to prevent rebellion • 1605, Akbar died; at time, Mughals ruled most of north India, much of interior

8. Reforms Firm Grip on Finances • Abolished taxes placed on non-Muslims by earlier rulers • Appointed Hindus to several influential positions in government • Encouraged discussions, debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians, people of other religions • Established centralized government that gave him supreme civil, military authority over his empire • Reformed tax system, appointed officials to oversee it • Majority of officials from outside Mughal Empire Akbar’s Achievements • Religious Tolerance • Akbar worked to unify diverse empire by promoting religious tolerance • Held that no one religion could provide all answers to life’s problems • Did not want to discourage people from practicing any religion, discriminate against anyone for their beliefs

10. Explain How did Babur and Akbar the Great help create a new empire in India? Answer(s): by commitment to justice, religious tolerance, and the expansion of the empire

11. Rule Jahangir • Ruthless start, but good ruler • Continued religious tolerance; supported arts; adopted Persian influences into Indian society • Acceptance of Persian customs inspired by Persian-born wife, Nur Jahan • Powerful woman who ruled for several years while husband ill • Babur, Akbar laid foundation for powerful empire • Rulers who followed built upon foundation, raised Mughal India to new heights of power, wealth • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, intelligent, impatient to rule, rebelled against father; later reconciled • In 1605 became emperor after Akbar’s death Height of the Mughal Empire

12. Sikhism During reign, Jahangir came into conflict with religious group, Sikhs • Some Sikhs had supported rebellion against Jahangir • Sikhism, blended elements of Islam, Hinduism • Like Muslims, believe in one God, who created world, who has no physical form • Unlike Muslims, who believe in afterlife, believe in reincarnation • Believe goal of existence to be freed from cycle of rebirth, attain unity with God • Do not practice rituals like pilgrimage, yoga, from the earlier religions

13. Taj Mahal Symbol of Mughal Majesty • Greatest example of Mughal architecture, Taj Mahal built during his reign • Designed by Persian architects, displays elements of Indian, Persian, Muslim architectural styles • Built as tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife • Shah Jahan also built new capital for India at Delhi • At heart, chamber that held magnificent Peacock Throne • Flanked by two sculpted peacocks, encrusted with gold, diamonds, emeralds, other gems Shah Jahan • Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan shared his father’s love of literature and art. • During his reign the Mughal Empire experienced a cultural golden age. The cost of building monuments such as the Taj Mahal and the palaces of Delhi was enormous.

14. Taxes • Needed funds to pay for monuments • Shah Jahan imposed heavy taxes on people • Demanded half of all crops grown in the country • Led to hardship, famine for many • Wars • Series of wars against India’s neighbors also added to Shah Jahan’s need for money • Many wars fought in name of Islam against Christians, Hindus • Unlike father, grandfather, Shah Jahan was Muslim who did not practice religious tolerance

15. Aurangzeb • Power Struggle • 1657, Shah Jahan grew terribly ill • Sons began to maneuver to take throne • Soon war broke out between them • Succession • Shah Jahan unexpectedly recovered but son Aurangzeb captured him • After locking father in prison, killed all rivals • Brought head of brother in box to show father; then declared himself emperor • Reign • Early in reign, concerned with expanding India’s borders • Empire reached greatest size at this time • Later, Aurangzeb turned more to domestic affairs

16. Domestic Affairs • Muslim Views • Worked to impose own strict religious views on society • Issued strict decrees about morality, personal behavior • Religious Persecution • Persecuted Hindus, Sikhs • Taxed them, forbade them high positions in government • Destroyed their temples • Crushing Protesters • Crowds of Shia, Sufi Muslims gathered to protest actions • Aurangzeb ordered soldiers mounted on elephants to crush them • God of All • Restrictions, persecution led many to rebel • One wrote: “God is the God of all mankind…not the God of Muslims alone.”

17. Power and Territory Loss Civil War • Soon invaders poured into India from north • Mughals continued to rule for about 150 more years, but held little power, controlled far less territory • Eventually India fell under colonial sway of British as part of their global empire • Aurangzeb enlarged Mughal empire, however his actions marked beginning of its end • Due to harsh measures of regime, frequent rebellions broke out in later 1600s • When Aurangzeb died, rival claims to throne led to civil war Decline of the Mughals

20. Summarize How did Aurangzeb contribute to the Mughals’ decline? Answer(s): His harsh regime led to rebellions.

21. The British in India

23. Expanding Power Imperialism • Europeans had built trading posts along Asian, African coats, but held little territory farther inland • By late 1700s, European states began expanding power in Asia, Africa • Two factors that made possible: new technologies, weakening of great empires of Asia, Africa • Arrival of British in India, example of European imperialism, the process of one people ruling, controlling another • By 1700, Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal ruled vast territories in the Americas • Europeans had less success ruling territory in Asia, Africa Setting the Stage

24. New Technologies • Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage • Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets • Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever • Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies • Weakening Empire • Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage • India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707 • Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s • China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories

26. Summarize Why did European power begin to expand in the late 1700s? Answer(s): Europeans had an advantage in the quality of their weapons and military training, and took advantage of the decline of the great empires in Asia and Africa.

27. The British Take Control Kept India in Chaos • East India Company activity limited to coastal trading cities while Mughal Empire strong • Mid-1700s, when empire broke apart into small states, East India Company leaders saw chance to take over Indian lands • Manipulated rulers of states, suggested each needed British support to keep throne • Played rulers against each other, kept India in chaos • Company’s army took over much of India, claiming it had to restore order British East India Company Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British EastIndia Trading Company. It soon became embroiled in Indian politics.

28. Changes in India • Making Changes • East India Company made changes to Indian society • Introduced new education system, English language • Banning Customs • Introduced British laws banning certain customs, like sati • Practice of Hindu widows throwing selves on husbands’ funeral fires • Destroying Society • British also invited Christian missionaries to spread beliefs • Some began to believe British trying to destroy their society • Straining Relations • Thought British wanted to eliminate Indian customs, Hinduism completely • Relations between Indians, British increasingly strained

29. Protest and Punishment Violence and Atrocities • Sepoys in Meerut refused to use cartridges; thought it plot to make them abandon Hinduism, Islam • Sepoys punished for protesting • In response, northern Indian sepoys rose up against British • Eventually gained control of Delhi • Violence of rebellion ferocious • Both sides committed atrocities • Sepoys killed British officers, as well as wives, children • Captured mutineers strapped to cannons and shot; villages burned • Fighting continued two years The Sepoy Mutiny • 1857, strained relations exploded into rebellion, the Sepoy Mutiny • Sepoys were Indian soldiers who fought in British army • Introduction of new type British rifle set off rebellion • To load rifle, soldier had to bite off end of ammunition cartridge greased with pork, beef fat; offended Muslim, Hindu sepoys • Muslims did not eat pork; Hindus did not eat beef

30. Results of Mutiny British ended the rule of East India Company in 1858 as result of mutiny. • British government ruled India directly • British moved away from some social regulations that angered many Indians • Distrust still continued between British, Indians

32. Identify Cause and Effect How did the decline of the Mughal Empire contribute to the rise of British power in India? Answer(s): As the Mughal Empire weakened, the British were able to take control of more land in India.

33. The Raj ICS Westernization • Era of British rule in India often called British Raj, Hindi word meaning “rule” • Administration carried out by government agency, Indian Civil Service (ICS) • Though ruling India, most ICS officials British • ICS employed very few Indians • Many educated Indians frustrated at having no say in own government • Many British thought they were superior • Segregated neighborhoods; exclusive clubs • Westernized Indians • Prejudiced, thought Indians incapable of governing selves India as a British Colony • Colony of colony—the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire, with political and financial rewards, national pride • For Indians, British rule source of frustration and humiliation • Frustration gave rise to powerful feelings of nationalism

34. Life under the British Raj • Raj Building Projects • During Raj, British built railroads, roads, canals in India • By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world • British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products • Raj Commerce • India important market for British manufactured goods • Also source of raw materials like cotton, tea, indigo, jute • Taxes from Indian landowners paid for administration of India, Indian army • Raj Impact • British manufactured goods devastated India’s pre-existing textile industry • Had been major exporter; British closed factories to prevent competition • Mid-1800s, India primarily exported raw materials, not manufactured goods

35. Nationalist Movement Activating Movement • Nationalist movement did not take off until Indians saw themselves as having same rights as Europeans • Idea first expressed by reformer Ram Mohun Roy, 1820s • Felt British violating Indian’s rights, including free speech, religion • Roy wrote texts, opened schools to spread nationalist ideas • Despite his efforts, took several decades for movement to activate • 1885, Indian National Congress, first nationalist group, founded by English-speaking Indians The Rise of Indian Nationalism • Groups in India found British rule deeply disturbing • Indian elites and middle classes lacked opportunities • Indians had little power to influence decisions at higher levels of government Initial requests of the Congress to British were modest, such as more positions for Indians in the ICS, and better representation on government councils.

36. India as a British Colony • Bengal • Nationalism turned radical when British announced plans to partition Bengal • Officials claimed breaking into two provinces would make easier to govern • Nationalists thought partition attempt to break up Bengal’s Hindu population • Radicals • Radicals in Congress called for boycott of British goods; lasted three years • Participants vowed to wear only Indian-made garments, burned British cloth • Some militants attacked British officials, were punished • Consequences • British convinced to make concessions to Indian people • 1906 Muslim League formed to protect interests of Indian Muslims • Indian National Congress and Muslim League led in fight for independence

37. Infer Why did Indian nationalists respond to the plan to partition Bengal with a boycott of British goods? Answer(s): They thought the partition was intended to weaken the Hindu population.

38. India and World War I Rowlatt Acts • 800,000 Indians served with British in World War I • Fought on Western Front, in Middle East • Returned home to find sacrifices had not won them any new freedoms • Britain planned to keep firm control over India • Anger, unrest grew • Rowlatt Acts passed, allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in India • British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian demonstrators in Amritsar, April 1919 • Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid themselves of British rulers Changes in India The early 1900s also saw the rise of nationalist feeling in India. This soon led to increasing tension between Indians and their British rulers.

39. Gandhi’s Protest • Protests organized • Indian lawyer Mohandas Gandhi began to organize protests against British • Gandhi believed in two concepts, nonviolence, civil disobedience • First nonviolent action, boycott of British products, 1920 • Spinning wheel • Gandhi stopped wearing clothes made of British cloth • Indians began to make own cloth; spinning wheel became movement symbol • Protest against British monopoly on salt, 1930; Indians produced own salt • Gandhi’s progress • Inspired millions to resist British rule • Arrested often, increased public sympathy for cause • Some changes occurred, limited degree of self-rule granted, 1935

41. Identify the Main Idea How did Gandhi work for change in India? Answer(s): organized protests, promoted independence in industries within India, resisted British authority

42. Turkey and Atatürk Kemal Mustafa Modern Nation • Ottoman Empire agreed to give up homeland of ethnic Turkish population after World War I • Allied Powers planned to give lands to Greece, others • World War I hero • Fought plans to give up lands • Defeated Greek forces sent to claim Turkish territory • Established Republic of Turkey, October 1923 • Mustafa known as Kemal Atatürk, “father of the Turks” • Tried to modernize Turkey, end Muslim influence • Made government secular • Other advances The Middle East The years after World War I saw nationalist hopes and dreams flourish throughout much of the Middle East, too. Some of these nationalist movements achieved their goals-others did not.

43. Persia Similar reforms took place in Persia • Reza Khan led overthrow of shah, 1921 • Khan became shah, 1925 • Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi • Wanted to make Persia into modern, independent nation • Sought to advance industry, improve education • Changed Persia’s name to Iran, 1935

44. Mandates Nationalist Hopes • British did not fulfill nationalist hopes • Peace agreements established French, British mandates in Middle East • France controlled Syria, Lebanon; British controlled Iraq, Palestine Mandate • Arabs, Jews believed wartime promises broken • Supported by British, Arab nationalists rebelled against Ottoman Empire, 1916 • Wanted to create independent Arab state from Syria to Yemen • Zionism, Jewish national movement to rebuild Jewish state in ancient homeland • British government supported Jewish homeland in Palestine French and British Mandates

45. Palestine Mandate British created Jordan, 1921 • Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate • Palestine’s population rapidly expanded • Tens of thousands of Jews, Arabs immigrated • Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to mid-1930s conflict • Conflict in region continues today

46. Compare What issues did nations in the Middle East face after World War I? Answer(s): reforms and independence in Turkey and Persia, conflict over Jewish immigration to Palestine

47. Nationalism Grows Little to Show • Africans believed they earned independence through wartime sacrifices • War caused economic hardship • Trade with Europe dried up, European spending in Africa slowed • Africans felt they had suffered for Europe, had little to show for it • No Africans involved in negotiations of Treaty of Versailles • Did not grant independence; transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries Nationalism in Africa • World War I Africa • Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war • Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war • Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war • Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa

48. Working for Independence • Pan-African Congresses • Frustrations with European powers led to seeking greater independence • Organized by Africans worldwide, Pan-African Congresses began, 1919 • Conferences led to series of demands for African independence • North African Arabs • Sought independence in British-controlled Egypt, took demands to British • Members of group arrested, protests swept country, many Egyptians killed • British finally formally declared Egypt independent, February, 1922 • Victory for Nationalism • Egypt’s independence a victory, but did not start trend • Most of Africa remained under European control in 1920s, 1930s • Desire for reform and independence continued to grow

49. Summarize How did World War I help inspire feelings of nationalism in Africa? Answer(s): Many Africans believed they had earned independence through wartime service.