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Lead-Up to World War II Chapter 17 section 1

Lead-Up to World War II Chapter 17 section 1. Today. Objectives. Analyze the threat to world peace posed by dictators in the 1930s and how the Western democracies responded. Describe how the Spanish Civil War was a “dress rehearsal” for World War II.

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Lead-Up to World War II Chapter 17 section 1

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  1. Lead-Up to World War IIChapter 17 section 1

  2. Today

  3. Objectives • Analyze the threat to world peace posed by dictators in the 1930s and how the Western democracies responded. • Describe how the Spanish Civil War was a “dress rehearsal” for World War II. • Summarize the ways in which continuing Nazi aggression led Europe to war.

  4. Terms and People • appeasement – giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep peace • pacifism – opposition to all war • Neutrality Acts – a group of laws enacted by the United States to avoid involvement in a European conflict • Axis powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan

  5. Terms and People(continued) • Francisco Franco – a conservative Spanish general supported by Fascists and Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War; later became dictator • Anschluss – union of Austria and Germany • Sudetenland – a region of Czechoslovakia • Nazi-Soviet Pact – a nonaggression pact uniting Germany and the Soviet Union

  6. What events unfolded between Chamberlain’s declaration of “peace for our time” and the outbreak of a world war? After the horrors of World War I, Western democracies tried to preserve peace. However, Germany, Italy, and Japan were preparing to build new empires, and the world was headed to war again.

  7. Dictators took aggressive action in the 1930s.

  8. Western democracies denounced these invasions but chose a policy of appeasement. • France could not take on Hitler without British support, and Britain did not want to confront him. Both countries viewed Hitler’s fascism as a defense against the spread of Soviet communism. • The Great Depression exhausted Western nations. • Disillusion with the previous war had led to widespread pacifism.

  9. What was the US stance? • In the United States, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts aimed at avoiding involvement in a European war. • Americans did not want involved in another European conflict

  10. Italy, Germany, and Japan became the Axis powers. • The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis agreed to fight Soviet communism. • They also pledged not to interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion. By the mid-1930s, the antidemocratic aggressive powers formed an alliance.

  11. A civil war in Spain increased tensions. • In 1931, a rebellion ousted the king of Spain. • Reformers created a republic with a liberal constitution, and took land and privileges from the Church and old ruling classes. • Conservative general Francisco Franco launched a revolt against the republic in 1936.

  12. Sides in the Spanish Civil War

  13. The Spanish Civil War became a “dress rehearsal” for a wider European war. • Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to support Franco, while the Soviet Union sent soldiers to help the Loyalists. • Nazi leaders used the war to test new bombers. • More than 500,000 people died in the struggle. • By 1939, Franco had won. He created a fascist dictatorship similar to those of Germany and Italy.

  14. Meanwhile, Hitler took aggressive steps to bring all German-speaking people into the Third Reich. • One of Hitler’s goals was the Anschluss, or union of Austria and Germany. • In 1938, German troops entered Austria. • Although Hitler’s annexation of Austria violated the Treaty of Versailles, the Western democracies took no action.

  15. Hitler next threatened to annex the Sudetenland. Britain and France protested, but they were unwilling to go to war. At the Munich Conference in 1938, British and French leaders gave in to Hitler’s demands. Hitler promised that he had no further plans to expand. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced that they had achieved “peace for our time.”

  16. Hitler and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin

  17. Europe rapidly plunged toward war. • After gaining the Sudetenland, Hitler broke his promises and took the rest of Czechoslovakia. • The democracies accepted that appeasement had failed. They pledged to protect Poland. • In August 1939, Hitler and Stalin announced the Nazi-Soviet Pact. This was a shaky alliance, since neither Hitler nor Stalin trusted the other.

  18. On September 1, 1939, a week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.

  19. Map Of Europe Directions: • Shade the territories Hitler took over to break the Treaty of Versailles-Anschluss, Rhineland, and the Sudetenland • Shade the area that Stalin took over by 1939

  20. Aggression in Europe and Africa to September 1939

  21. World War II to 1941 and the HolocaustChapter 17 Section 2

  22. Objectives • Describe how the Axis powers came to control much of Europe, but failed to conquer Britain. • Summarize Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union. • Understand the horror of the genocide the Nazis committed. • Describe the role of the United States before and after joining World War II.

  23. Terms and People • blitzkrieg– “lightning war” using improved tanks and airpower • Luftwaffe– German air force • Dunkirk– site of British troops stranded in France, and their rescue by sea • Vichy– location in France of Germany’s “puppet state” • General Erwin Rommel– German general known as the “Desert Fox”

  24. Terms and People(continued) • concentration camps– Nazi detention and killing centers for civilians considered enemies of the state • Holocaust– the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis during World War II • Lend-Lease Act– law allowing FDR to sell or lend war materials to those who were fighting for freedom

  25. Which regions were attacked and occupied by the Axis powers, and what was life like under their occupation? Diplomacy and compromise did not bring peace with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or imperial Japan. The Axis powers advanced, attacking countries in Eastern and Western Europe. In the Pacific, Japan captured countries and colonies on the islands and the mainland of Asia. The Axis powers brought misery to the peoples they conquered.

  26. Meanwhile, Stalin’s forces invaded Poland from the east. Within a month, Poland ceased to exist. Hitler used the tactic of blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” to overrun much of Europe, starting with Poland. The German air force, the Luftwaffe,bombed airfields, factories, and cities in Poland. Then, fast-moving tanks and troops pushed their way in from the west.

  27. Next, German troops poured into France, trapping the retreating British forces at Dunkirk. British vessels crossed the English Channel and ferried more than 300,000 British troops to safety. Hitler waited out the winter. Then, in the spring of 1940, German forces overran Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium.

  28. Dunkirk • http://www.rania.co.uk/dunkirk/html/images.htm • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/index_embed.shtml • Interactive map link

  29. Germany continued to attack Western Europe. • German forces headed to Paris. With Italy attacking from the south, France was forced to surrender in June 1940. • Germany occupied northern France and set up a puppet government at Vichy in southern France. • Next Hitler set his sights on Britain, calling this planned invasion “Operation Sea Lion.” • In September of 1940, the Luftwaffe began 57 straight nights of showering high explosives and firebombs on London.

  30. Quote from a Londoner during the Battle of Britain • “After an explosion of a nearby bomb, you could actually feel your eyeballs being sucked out. I was holding my eyes to try and stop them going. And the suction was so vast, it ripped my shirt away, and ripped by trousers. Then I couldn’t get my breath, the smoke was like acid and everything around me was black and yellow” • - quoted in London at War

  31. Churchill’s comments on the Battle of Britain • “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be…We shall never surrender.” • “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” -Winston Churchill

  32. London did not break under the Nazi blitz. • Citizens carried on with their daily lives, seeking protection in shelters and subways. • The Luftwaffe could not gain superiority over Britain. Operation Sea Lion was a failure.

  33. Despite his failure to conquer Britain, Hitler seemed unstoppable. • German armies under the command of General Erwin Rommel pushed into North Africa. • In addition, Axis armies invaded Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. • By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Europe.

  34. Battles in Northern Africa-Desert Warfare Erwin Rommel-Desert Fox

  35. Nazis Displaying the flag on the Acropolis

  36. The attack stalled during the winter when thousands of unprepared Germans froze to death. In June 1941, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact when he attacked the Soviet Union. Leningrad withstood a two-and-a-half-year siege. Stalin made an agreement to work with Britain.

  37. Invasion of the USSR • Operation Barbarossa –June 22, 1941 • Soviets are caught by surprise even though they had the largest army in the world • Germans pushed in 500 miles using scorched earth policy • Leningrad • German cut off the city and surrounded it • Hitler was ready to starve the 2.5 million people living there • Nazis took out warehouses of food • Nearly one million people died but the Russians maintained control Nazis separating women and children after invading the Soviet Union http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?ModuleId=10005164&MediaId=250

  38. Invasion of USSR cont… • Moscow • Hitler focused on Moscow since Leningrad was not falling • The Nazis failed to move as quickly as planned and winter set in • Nazi troops were not equipped • Hitler sent the order “No retreat!”

  39. Debate: What Circumstances Justify War? • Should America enter WWII? • What is the American position toward WWII by 1941? • Neutrality Acts 1935 • Cash and Carry • Lend-Lease Act • Atlantic Charter • German U-boats firing on US cargo ships • Shoot on sight “No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it” - FDR

  40. Interactive map of Hitler’s takeover of Europe http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005143&MediaId=7827

  41. Japan and Germany set out to build a “new order” in the lands they occupied. • Japanese troops seized crops, destroyed cities, and brutally treated local Chinese, Filipinos, and other conquered people. • The Nazis sent millions of Jews and political opponents toconcentration camps. • The Nazis also targeted other groups they considered “inferior,” including Gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals, the disabled, and the mentally ill.

  42. By 1941, Hitler had devised plans for his “Final Solution”—the extermination of all Jews in Europe. At special death camps in Poland, some six million Jewish men, women, and children were systematically murdered.

  43. The scale and savagery of the Holocaust are unequaled in history. Young survivors of Auschwitz, the largest Nazi death camp.

  44. The United States declared neutrality, but Roosevelt wanted to be prepared for war. • In August 1941, he met secretly with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to create the Atlantic Charter. Its goal was to destroy the Nazi reign. • Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the United States to sell or lend supplies to Britain.

  45. At the same time of Lend-lease Act… • At the same time, tensions between the United States and Japan grew after the United States banned sale of war materials to Japan.

  46. Debate: What Circumstances Justify War? Should America enter WWII? What is the American position toward WWII by 1941? • Neutrality Acts 1935 • Cash and Carry • Lend-Lease Act • Atlantic Charter • German U-boats firing on US cargo ships • Shoot on sight “No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it” - FDR

  47. In a sneak attack on December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes bombed the American fleet docked at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

  48. The Attack on Pearl Harbor • On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a surprise attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific • At 6:00 a.m. on December 7th the six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo bombers, dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters • The Japanese hit American ships and military installations at 7:53 a.m. They attacked military airfields at the same time they hit the fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor

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