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The Foundations of the Great War

The Foundations of the Great War. It is the late 1800s, and. Europe is feeling. Groovy!. Positives. Science Industry No revolution Improved standard of living International cooperation…mail, Olympics, LOTS of conferences. But simmering problems. Unsettled feeling of modernity Darwin

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The Foundations of the Great War

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  1. The Foundations of the Great War

  2. It is the late 1800s, and Europe is feeling

  3. Groovy!

  4. Positives • Science • Industry • No revolution • Improved standard of living • International cooperation…mail, Olympics, LOTS of conferences

  5. But simmering problems • Unsettled feeling of modernity • Darwin • Physics • Freud • said that there had been three great humiliations in human history: Galileo's discovery that we were not the center of the universe, Darwin's discovery that we were not the crown of creation, and his own discovery that we are not in control of our own minds • Art

  6. The Art

  7. Imperial competition • Increased militarism • Nationalism, especially pan-Slavism • Take a look at the political vs. ethnic map of Europe!

  8. War between Turkey and Russia • Creates a situation in the Balkans that will come back to haunt all of Europe. Who controls..

  9. Leads to anotherCongress of Berlin

  10. So… • Some of the “nations” there get independence, some are controlled by Austria • It leaves the Balkans unsettled. • And, as Bismarck said “some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will ignite the next war”

  11. Also, there is an interesting family dynamic

  12. CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN OF QUEEN VICTORIA Queen Victoria m. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1819-1901) (1819-1861) (Cont) Victoria m. Frederick III (1840-1900) of Prussia (1831-1888) Albert Edward m. (Edward VII) (1841-1910) Alexandra of Denmark (1844-1925) Alice m. (1843-1878) Louis Grand Duke of Hesse William II (Kaiser) (1859-1941) m. Augusta of Schleswig- Holstein Sophie (1870-1932) m. Constantine of Greece Margaret (1872-1954) Charlotte (1860-1919) Henry (1862-1929) m. Irene of Hesse Victoria (1866-1929) m. Prince Aldolphus Maud, Queen of Norway (1869-1938) Albert Edward (Eddy) (1864-1892) George m. Princess May (George V) of Teck (1865-1936) (1867-1953) Louise m. Duke of Fife (1867 - 1931) Victoria (1868-1935) Mary (1874-1878) Victoria m. Louis of (1863-1950) Battenburg (1854-1921) Elizabeth m. Grand (1864-1918) Duke Serge of Russia Irene m. Henry of (1866-1953) Prussia Ernest m. Victoria Melita of Edinburgh (divorced 1901) Alix m. Tsar (Alicky) Nicholas (1872-1918) II of Russia CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

  13. How do you maintain peace?Bismarck’s System • There is no Concert of Europe. Germany dominates Europe after the Franco-Prussian War, so Bismarck’s System is the key to keeping peace. • “It grew into an alignment system that was as much a check on the possibility of general war as the fertile brain of man can design.”

  14. The Four Rules • Never challenge England on the sea • Never quarrel with France in the colonies • Never let Austria control the alliance (horse and rider in any alliance) • Never let England and Russia ally against Germany

  15. System of Alliances • 1873- Three Emperors’ League between R, A and G • 1879- Dual Alliance between G and A • 1881- Alliance of the Three Emperors between R, A, and G • 1882- Triple Alliance between A, I and G • 1887- Reinsurance Treaty between R and G

  16. Then…. • A key error…. • Wilhelm II removes Bismarck

  17. All the rules get broken

  18. Germany drops the Reinsurance Treaty • Germany had also supported Austria instead of Russia in the divvying up of Turkey! • Leaves Russia looking for love • Russia and France begin to negotiate and form an alliance in 1894 • Also, Russia’s potential power is increasing dramatically! They are finally industrializing.

  19. Germans start naval arms race with England and refuses to ally with them • The dreadnoughts. The Germans spent 1/3 of their budget on them • And the Britain responds with Two Power Standard • Boer War issues • Pre and post-1900 attitudes toward Germany • So, rule #1 is broken

  20. England and France signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904

  21. Schlieffen Plan drawn up

  22. Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907There goes rule #4

  23. Moroccan Crisis Which violates Bismarck’s rule #2

  24. Balkan Wars1908, 1912 “some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will ignite the next war”

  25. Who will control the Balkans? • Turkey has been pushed out • Serbia is an independent country • Austria controls Bosnia, which contains LOTS of Serbs • Nationalism! • Serbs want to be united • Russians support Serbs because they are all slavic “brothers”

  26. The Blank Check from Germany to Austria Rule #3 broken as well! Bismarck said “Do not tie the trim Prussian frigate to a worm-eaten Austrian galleon.”

  27. The Black Hand Slaps the Archduke

  28. Gavrilo Princip

  29. Austrian Ultimatum Serbia has 48 hours to apologize and ban all anti-Austrian propaganda and groups, and Austria demands a voice in Serbian internal governance

  30. Serbia hesitates • Russia mobilizes • Germany mobilizes • Even the cousins can’t stop it once it begins

  31. Austria and Serbia go to war • Germany declares war against Russia 8-1-14 • Against France 8-3-14 • The speed of mobilization! • Then Britain declares war on Germany once she violates Belgium neutrality via the Schlieffen Plan

  32. And so The Great War begins

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