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Animal Disease Emergencies Diseases of Concern

Animal Disease Emergencies Diseases of Concern. African Horse Sickness. Viral infection Horses, mules, donkeys Death rate up to 95% Spread by insects Biting midges ( Culicoides ) Occurs in Africa Outbreaks in other countries Not found in U.S. Late summer – early autumn

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Animal Disease Emergencies Diseases of Concern

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  1. Animal Disease EmergenciesDiseases of Concern

  2. African Horse Sickness • Viral infection • Horses, mules, donkeys • Death rate up to 95% • Spread by insects • Biting midges (Culicoides) • Occurs in Africa • Outbreaks in other countries • Not found in U.S. • Late summer – early autumn • Droughts followed by heavy rains • Does not affect humans Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  3. AHS: The Disease • Incubation period • 2–14 days • Clinical signs in 5–7 days • Respiratory and cardiac disease • Fever • Difficulty breathing, foaming from nostrils, swelling of head and neck Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  4. AHS: Impact & Response • Impact • 1989: Portugal outbreak • Eradication cost $1.9 million • U.S. Horse Industry (1998) • 5.25 million horses • Sales: $1.75 billion • Prevention and Response • Import restrictions and quarantines • Vector control • Stabling in insect-proof housing • Monitor animals for fever • Vaccine available in endemic areas Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  5. African Swine Fever • Viral infection • Highly contagious • Direct and indirect contact, ingestion (meat products),ticks, biting flies • Persists in environmentand swine products • Distribution • Africa; outbreaks in other countries • Eradicated from Western Hemisphere Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  6. ASF: The Disease • Incubation period: 5-19 days • Asymptomatic (carriers) • Sudden or chronic • Fever, reddened skin,pneumonia,swollen joints • Recumbency, death • Abortion • Illness rate up to 100% • Death rate varies up to 100% Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  7. ASF: Impact and Response • Huge economic impact • Import/export ban • Movement restrictions • Depopulation • Disinfection • No treatment or vaccine • Virus killed by high temperatures • Many disinfectants ineffective • Humans not affected Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  8. ASF: Prevention • Do not feed uncooked garbage • Biosecurity • Isolate animals before introductioninto herd • Restrict and monitor visitors • Cleaning and disinfection protocols • Vehicles, trailers, equipment, footwear • Tick and fly control • Prevent contact between domesticated and feral swine Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  9. Anthrax: The Agent • Gram positive, spore-forming bacteria • Bacillus anthracis • Forms spores • Human disease • Skin • Intestinal • Inhalational • Animal disease • Septicemia and rapid death Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  10. Anthrax: The Bioweapon • History • Available & easily produced • Spores infective • Aerosolization • Low lethal dose • High mortality • Person-to-person transmission rare Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  11. Anthrax: The Response • Vaccine for Livestock • Personal Protective Equipment • When handling sick animals • Antibiotics • Treatment • Prophylaxis • Disinfection • Sporicidal agents, sterilization Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  12. Aujeszky’s Disease(Pseudorabies) • Highly contagious viral disease • Reproductive • Nervous system • Primarily pigs • Other mammals • Not humans • Persistent in the environment • Disease eradicated from most countries • Still occurs in parts of world • Humans not affected Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  13. Aujeszky’s: The Disease • Transmission • Direct contact, reproductive, fomites, aerosol, ingestion • Incubation period: 2-6 days • Neurological • tremors, seizures, paralysis • Respiratory • Intense itching • Abortions and stillbirths • Illness and death up to 100% • Especially in neonates and other species Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  14. Aujeszky’s: Impact and Response • Reportable disease • Trade restrictions • Treatment not recommended • Depopulation and repopulation • Test and removal • Offspring segregation • Vaccine available in some countries Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  15. Aujeszky's: Prevention • Isolate new or returning animals before entryinto the herd • Disinfect vehicles, equipment, premises, footwear • Keep pigs away fromferal swine • U.S. surveillance program • All states free as of April 2008 Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  16. Avian Influenza, Highly Pathogenic (HPAI) • Type A Influenza virus • H5 or H7 surface antigens • Domestic and wild birds • Humans • Reservoir: Migratory water fowl • Aerosols, contaminated drinking water • Infected flock- source of virus for life • Worldwide distribution Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  17. HPAI: The Disease • Incubation period: 3-14 days • Birds • Sudden death • Egg production drops • Swollen combs and wattles • Nasal discharge • Conjunctivitis • Humans • Conjunctivitis and respiratory illness • Death possible Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  18. HPAI: Impact and Response • Direct losses • Depopulation and disposal • High illness and death • Quarantine and surveillance • Indemnities • 2003: European outbreak (H7N7) • 30 million birds destroyed • Estimated at $338 million USD • 2003-Present: H5N1 outbreak Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  19. HPAI: Impact and Response • Treatment • Poultry- none • Humans- antivirals • Control • Depopulation • Cleaning and disinfection • Vaccine • Poultry: Expensive, no cross protection • Human: No cross protection Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  20. Bluetongue • Viral disease • Ruminants: Primarily sheep • 24 serotypes worldwide • 6 isolated in the U.S. • Vector-borne • Culicoides (biting midge) • Worldwide distribution • Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002 Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  21. Bluetongue: The Disease • Incubation period: 5-10 days • Sheep • Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge • Cyanotic (blue) tongue • Reproductive disorders • Cattle, goats • Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia • Wildlife • Hemorrhages, sudden death Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  22. Bluetongue: Impact and Response • Affects cattle industry • $125 million per year in lost trade and animal testing • No treatment; supportive care • Vector control • Vaccine available • Serotype specific, adverse effects • Humans: Low risk of infection Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  23. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy • Prions • Cattle and humans • Progressively fatal neurologic disease • Transmission • Consumption of scrapie-infected feed • Spontaneous mutation • Worldwide distribution Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  24. BSE: The Disease • Cattle (BSE) • Incubation period: 2-8 yrs • Initial signs subtle • Final stages • Excitable, hypermetria, ataxic, tremors, loss of condition, death • Humans (vCJD) • Incubation unknown • Neurological signs progressing to death • 26 years old (mean age of onset) Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  25. BSE: Impact and Response • United Kingdom • £3.7 billion by end of 2001/02 financial year • Estimated U.S. losses • $45 to $66 per head • No effective treatment or • vaccine • Surveillance program • Restrictions in place • Import, animal feeds, • slaughter, mammalian products • Very resistant Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  26. Brucellosis: The Agent • Bacterial infection • Various species • Ingestion, inhalation,or direct contact • Clinical signs • Humans: cyclic fever and • flu-like symptoms • Animals: reproductive signs Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  27. Brucellosis: The Agent Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  28. Brucellosis: The Bioweapon • History • Highly infectious • Easily aerosolized • Stable • Prolonged incubation period • May make diagnosis difficult • Person-to-person unlikely Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  29. Brucellosis: The Response • Long term antibiotics generally effective • Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine • Eliminate reservoir • Standard precaution to avoid exposure • Thorough disinfection Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  30. Classical Swine Fever • Highly contagious viral disease of pigs • Ingestion, direct contact, aerosol, vertical, insects, fomites • Worldwide distribution Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  31. CSF: The Disease • Incubation period: 2-14 days • Variable clinical signs • Acute to asymptomatic • Fever, weakness, anorexia, purplish discoloration of skin of ears, inner thighs • Can cause death • Strain of virus • Susceptibility of pigs • Signs mimic other swine diseases Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  32. CSF: Impact and Response • Mortality up to 100% • Ban on import/exports • Huge economic impact • No treatment • Control by quarantine, slaughter • Vaccine in endemic countries • Humans not susceptible to disease Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  33. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) • Bacteria • Cattle (European breeds, zebu) • Buffalo, bison, yak, water buffalo • Transmission • Aerosol (close contact) • Direct contact • Saliva, urine, fetal fluids • Transplacental • Endemic in Africa • Eradicated in Western Hemisphere, UK, Australia Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  34. CBPP: The Disease • Incubation period: 20-123 days • Respiratory signs • Cough, broad stance • Chronic infections • Depressed, thin, polyarthritis (calves) • 25% Subclinical carriers • Morbidity ~100% • Mortality 10-70% Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  35. CBPP: Impact and Response • High economic and social impact • Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana • Drought leads to migrationto spread of disease • Treatment not always effective • Vaccine available in endemic areas • Not always economically feasible • Humans not susceptible Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  36. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) • Bacterial respiratorydisease of goats • Mycoplasma capricolum (F38) • Mycoplasma mycoides capri • Transmission • Direct contact, inhalation • Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union, Far East • Not in North America Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  37. CCPP: The Disease • Incubation period: 6-28 days • Mycoplasma F38 strain • Respiratory symptoms • Coughing, labored respiration, nasal discharge, • Chronic cases: Carriers • M. mycoides capri • Septicemia, reproductive, intestinal, and respiratory • Morbidity 100%; Mortality 60-100% Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  38. CCPP: Impact and Response • Africa and Asia • Goats essential to economics • Meat, milk, hides • Treatment with antibiotics early • Newly infected countries • Slaughter recommended • Vaccine available in some countries • Humans not susceptible Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  39. Equine Encephalitis Viruses: The Agent • Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), Venezuelan (VEE) • Viruses transmittedby mosquitoes • Clinical signs • Humans and Equids (horses, donkeys, mules) • No to mild signs to flu-like illness • Encephalitis in small proportions • Birds • Asymptomatic carriers, act as sentinels Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  40. Equine Encephalitis Viruses:The Bioweapon • Easy to produce • Aerosolization • High rate of infection • Person-to-person transmission possible Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  41. Equine Encephalitis Viruses:The Response • Supportive care • Vaccine • Equine • Human: High risk • Virus unstable in environment Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  42. Exotic Newcastle Disease • Virus affecting poultry • Four disease types • vND endemic in Asia, Middle East, Africa, Central/ South America • Outbreaks continue due to illegal importation of exotic birdsand poultry Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  43. END: The Disease • Incubation period: 2-15 days • Drop in egg production, neurological damage, GI signs, respiratory distress • Numerous deaths within 24-48 hours • Deaths continue for 7-10 days • Morbidity 100%, mortality 90% Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  44. END: Impact and Response • Most costly poultry disease worldwide • 2002-2003: California outbreak • $160 million impact • Developing countries • Affects quality and quantityof dietary protein • Vaccine available • Human’s can acquire eye infections from contact with virus Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  45. Foot and Mouth Disease • Highly contagious virus • Considered the most important livestock disease in the world • Not in U.S. since 1929 • Vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals • Spread by aerosol & fomites Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  46. FMD: The Disease • Viral infection • Highly contagious • Cloven-hooved animals • Not horses • Transmission • Direct contact, aerosol, fomites • Worldwide distribution • Eradicated from U.S. in 1929 Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  47. FMD: The Disease • Incubation period: 2-12 days • Cattle • Indicator host • Fever, blisters, ulcerations, salivation, lameness • Sheep and goats • Maintenance hosts • Mild clinical signs • Pigs: Amplifying host • Lameness predominant sign Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  48. FMD: Impact • Animals at risk in the United States • 100 million cattle • 60 million swine • 7 million sheep • 40 million wildlife • Not horses • Humans rarely infected • Huge economic impact Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  49. FMD: Distribution Free Present Recent Activity (Rev. 3-25-01) Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

  50. FMD: Impact and Response • 2001, U.K. Outbreak • Total costs over $18 billion USD • 6 million animals slaughtered • FMD free in less than 1 year • Public perception • Animal welfare • Smoke pollution Animal Disease Emergencies, 2008 - IHSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH

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