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Sikhism. Sikhs reject the assertion that it’s a reform movement of Hinduism and Islam. Instead, Sikhs believe it came from the divine inspiration of Guru Nanak and the nine gurus who succeeded him. Origins and Development. Founded by Guru Nanak Punjab, India Late 15 th century
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Sikhism Sikhs reject the assertion that it’s a reform movement of Hinduism and Islam. Instead, Sikhs believe it came from the divine inspiration of Guru Nanak and the nine gurus who succeeded him.
Origins and Development Founded by Guru Nanak Punjab, India Late 15th century Sikh: “Follower” 19 million Sikhs worldwide Punjab; Northwestern India 2 million in the United States and parts of what used to be British colonies
Origins and Developments Continued…. Young Religion Monotheistic; Waheguru (great teacher) Scholars have indicated they think Sikhism evolved as a Hindu reform movement, or as a mixture of Hinduism and Islam Sikhs reject this notion; divine inspiration of Guru Nanak
Guru Nanak Born a Hindu in Punjab in 1469 Worked for a local Muslim politician Impressed everyone with his wisdom and knowledge Part of a group that would sit by a river and pray and discuss religion Absent from this routine for three days; didn’t speak for a day upon his return When he did, he said, “There is neither Hindu or Muslim so whose path should I follow? I shall follow God’s path. God is neither Hindu nor Muslim and the path I follow is God’s.”
Guru Nanak Continued… After his revelation (late 20s), left his wife and two sons to search for wisdom After about 20 years, he acquired farmland and settled in central Punjab Founded the town of Kartarpur and became the Guru Nanak
The Path of Guru Nanak Traveled and taught in far outlying areas of the Punjab region Set up communities of followers Spoke out against inequities (Hindu caste system) Stressed all people were equal Mardan, Nanak’s childhood friend accompanied him They would sing hymns to the local populace while getting the message out Wore mixture of Hindu and Muslim garb; “on tour” Appealed to both Hindu and Moslem audiences His hymns were written down to become the core of the Sikh sacred text, the Adi Granth (original book)
The Path of Guru Nanak Continued… Nanak established the Sikh community at Kartarpur upon his return He settled with his wife and sons Most people thought he would appoint one of his sons as the successor But, because of insistence on equality, he chose Lehna, a man who had become an ardent disciple Nanak blessed Lehna and gave him a new name, Angad, and anointed him with the saffron mark on his forehead When Nanak gathered his followers together for prayers, he invited Angad to occupy the seat of the guru
The Path of Guru Nanak Continued… The myth of Guru Nanak’s death says he asked for flowers to be placed on either side of him; Hindus on the right and Muslims on the left He then asked his disciples to pray, covered himself with a sheet and died the next morning September 22, 1539
Central Beliefs To understand how the Sikhs developed, it helps to know the 10 gurus Guru=Great Teacher Pieces of Sikh history can be related to a particular guru, each having a religious or political influence on the religion The period from the first guru to the last was, roughly speaking, from mid-1500s to the late 1600s
The Gurus • Guru Nanak (1469-1539) • founded the Sikh religion • Guru Angad (1504-1552) • Originally a Hindu. Devised a script that was used for writing Sikh scriptures • Guru Amar Das (1479-1574) • Collected the hymns of Nanak and added his own • Developed langar: The communal meal, devised a social kitchen to remove caste distinctions and establish social harmony
Gurus Continued… Guru Ram Das (1534-1581) Son in law of Guru Amar Das Founded Amristar, a Sikh holy city, in which he initiated pilgrimages Began construction of the Golden temple Contributed to Guru Granth Sahib; wrote the Sikh wedding hymn Guru Arjan (1563-1606) Youngest son of Guru Ram Das Compiled the Adi Granth (the most important part of the Guru Granth Sahib) Completed the building of the Golden Temple Made the Sikhs popular; Muslims began to see them as a growing menace Emperor of Muslim Mughals had him tortured and killed
Gurus Continued… • Guru Hargobind (1595-1644) • Son of Guru Arjan • Instilled a sense of Sikh militancy • Tried to organized Sikhs and Hindus against the Mughals • Perfected the dress code introduced by his father; tradition of wearing two swords (one signifying political authority and the other religious authority) • Guru Har Rai (1630-1661) • Reprisal of the Mughal conflict held his son hostage • Opened hospitals; medicine and treatment was free • Guru Har Krishan (1656-1664) • “Boy Guru” • Succeeded his father (Guru Har Rai) at age 5 • Contracted smallpox and died
Gurus Continued… Guru Tegh Bahadur Second son of Guru Hargobind “Brave sword” given to him because of his resistance to an oppressive emperor Gained a reputation for feeding the hungry Wrote many hymns Predicted the downfall of the Mughals Beheaded after refusing to accept Islam
Gurus Guru Gobind Singh Most famous after Nanak Organized Sikhs to oppose tyranny of Mughals Established military defense group Khalsa Chosen race Soldier-saints Give up lives, defend the weak, uphold faith Gave all Sikhs “singh” (lion for men) “kaur” (princess for women); rid caste system Declared the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib for Sikh governing; treated like human being
The Warrior Attitude The Sikhs developed a warrior attitude because of the violence against them by the Mughals. This attitude was reinforced when the Khlasa was founded The five tenets, known as the “Ks” were instituted Kesh: Uncut hair Kanhga: Comb Kirpan: Sword Kara: Steel bracelet Kachch: Short Pants for use in battle
Central Beliefs Based on the disciple of purification and overcoming the five vices: greed, anger, false pride, lust and attachments to material goods At end of person’s life, the good and bad conduct are and the results determine the family, race and character of the person when reborn No direct belief of heaven and hell, but those who were selfish and cruel in the current life will suffer in their next existence and vice versa for compassion and honesty Soul develops as it passes through incarnations until it becomes united with the infinite one. Opposed to austere asceticism; saintliness is achieved as active members of society Prohibits idolatry, caste system, wine and tobacco Importance placed on a good, moral life that includes loyalty, gratitude, philanthropy, justice, truth and honesty
Holy Writings and Worship The Adi Granth or Guru Granth Sahib is the only canonical work 6,000 hymns composed by the first five gurus: Nanak, Angad, Amar Das, Ram Das and Arjan Occupies the focal point in all Sikh Temples The Gurdwara (doorway to the Guru) contains a cot under a canopy on which a copy of the Adi Granth is placed on cushions and covered by elaborate decorations
Holy Writings and Worship All who enter the gurdwara must cover their heads, take off their shoes and wash their feet Services may take place at any time Worshipers will bow in front of the Adi Granth, prayers will be said, chanting of hymns and a communal meal (langar) In their homes, Sikhs will set aside a room to hold a copy of the Guru Granth Sahib (also called a gurdwara) Many Sikhs will recite versus during their daily activities
Rituals and Customs The Naming Ceremony After the birth, the parents take the child to the gurdwara Hymns are sung that express gratitude for the birth of the baby The Adi Granth is opened at random and the child is given his/her name beginning with the letter of the first letter of the first word on the left page Parents take some time to think about it, then they choose what they want the name to be More hymns are sung
Rituals and Customs Sikh Wedding Ceremonies Can be an arrangement between families; can reject the person Seen as the joining of two families Bride wears red and gold, head is covered with a red scarf, hands and feet are decorated with henna, wears lots of gold jewelry. Groom wears a colored turban and scarf, and carries a long sword Father of bride will pass one end of the groom’s scarf to the bride to signify passing of responsibility for care of his daughter Wedding hymn is sung and the couple walk around the Guru Granth Sahib four times, bowing as they finish each circle Families follow around the holy book
Rituals and Customs Death Could be a new beginning because of their belief in reincarnation Not necessary to mourn excessively Hymns may be read from the Guru Granth Sahib Prayers said for peace of the soul Period of mourning lasts ten days Relatives visit and pay their condolences Body is washed an dressed Cremated and ashes scattered in river or sea
Festivals and Ceremonies Many ceremonies are held to celebrate the birth and death of the ten gurus Two to commemorate the deaths of martyrs Festival for the anniversary of the Baisakhi, the date the Khlasa was founded All festivals are marked by a continuous forty eight hour reading of the Guru Granth Sahib
Diversification into Modern Society History over the past 500 years has been tumultuous and bloody Violent fighting between the Sikhs and Hindus because of British propagations The subcontinent was partitioned into India and Pakistan in 1947 The Sikh population was divided equally on both sides of the boundary line In 1984, Indian troops attacked the Golden Temple It was believed that the angry reaction of Sikhs led to the assassination of the Indian Prime Minister by Sikh members of her bodyguard This reaction led to riots and the massacre of many Sikhs
