Definition of Terms

1. POLYGRAPH LIE-DETECTIONBy:KERT D. PILLORA, MSCJ-Crim.Master of Science in Criminal Justice w/ Specialization in CriminologyPolygraph Lie-Detection SpecialistLicensed Criminologist Lic. # 0035846Security and Guarding Services NC II HolderCriminology InstructorCriminology Licensure Examination LecturerWebsite : www.kertpillora.co.nr Mobile#: 09177923084 Email @ : kertpillora42@rocketmail.com

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4. Definition of Terms • POLYGRAPH– is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure; pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances especially of lying when questioned. • The word was derived from the word POLY means “many” and GRAPHS means “writing chart”. www.kertpillora.co.nr

5. POLYGRAPHY – it is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph machine. • FEAR– is emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a persons defensive power. • STIMULUS – is a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors. www.kertpillora.co.nr

6. REACTION – it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external influence. • DECEPTION– is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying. • DETECTION – It is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something hidden or obscure. • LYING– the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or misleading information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of other. www.kertpillora.co.nr

7. RESPONSE– is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from stimulation. • SPECIFIC RESPONSE– is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject. • NORMAL TRACING– is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant question. • POLYGRAPH EXAMINER– is one who conducts and administer the test. www.kertpillora.co.nr

8. CHART OR POLYGRAMS– refers to the composite records of pneumograph, Galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from series of questions. • Subject– refers to the person being examined. www.kertpillora.co.nr

9. Early Methods of detecting deception • Trial by Combat • Trial by Ordeal • Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal • Ordeal by Balance • Ordeal of Rice Chewing • Donkey’s Tail Ordeal www.kertpillora.co.nr

10. What is Polygraph? The polygraph is used to test or question individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth of statements through a visual, permanent and simultaneous recording of a person’s cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a minimum instrumentation requirement. www.kertpillora.co.nr

11. A polygraph(commonly referred to as a liedetector) is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as: blood pressure, pulse, respirationand skin Conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the basis that false answers will produced instinctive measurements. The polygraph measures physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning. www.kertpillora.co.nr

12. Within the U.S. federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION (PDD) examination. Several other technologies are also used in the field of lie detection, but the polygraph is the most famous. www.kertpillora.co.nr

13. History of Polygraph The idea that lying produces physical side-effects has long been claimed. In West Africa persons suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird's egg to one another. If a person broke the egg, then he or she was considered guilty, based on the idea that their nervousness was to blame. In ancient China the suspect held a handful of rice in his or her mouth during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was believed to cease at times of emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty if by the end of that speech the rice was dry. www.kertpillora.co.nr

14. 1895 Cesare Lombroso, an Italian scientist, employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception – HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH, measured changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were questioned about their involvement of a specific offense. www.kertpillora.co.nr

15. 1914 VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected deception with a PNEUMOGRAPH – an instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation. Benussi thus demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception. www.kertpillora.co.nr

16. 1917 Further research by WILLIAM MARSTON in 1917 dealt with the SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an examination. www.kertpillora.co.nr

17. 1920 A device recording both blood-pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer www.kertpillora.co.nr

18. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler.[2] The first time the term "polygraph" was used was in 1906 by James MacKenzie in his invention the "ink polygraph," which was used for medical reasons. www.kertpillora.co.nr

19. The Four Major Components • PNEUMOGRAPH • CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT • GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT • KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT www.kertpillora.co.nr

20. Today, polygraph examiners use two types of instrumentation: • analog • computerized In the United States, most examiners now use computerized instrumentation. www.kertpillora.co.nr

21. An analog polygraph instrumentMost analog polygraphs are being replaced by digital devices. www.kertpillora.co.nr

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23. Methods of Deception Detection • Devices which record the psycho-physiological response. • Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor • Hypnotism • By observation • Scientific Interrogation • Confession www.kertpillora.co.nr

24. Use of Drugs that “Inhibit the Inhibitor” • Administration of the TRUTH SERUM • Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis • Intoxication with Alcohol www.kertpillora.co.nr

25. He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even implicate others. • The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system. Clinical evidence indicates the various segments of the brain particularly the cortex. • Statements taken from the subjects while under the influence of truth serum are evolutionary obtained hence they are not admissible as evidence. www.kertpillora.co.nr

26. HYPNOSIS • It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained. • Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects who are compulsive-depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians and other professionals are usually non-hypnotizable. www.kertpillora.co.nr

27. REASONS: (why it is not admissible in court) • It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per se in ascertaining the truth from falsity. • The fear that the Trier of fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific device without consideration of its flaw in ascertaining veracity. www.kertpillora.co.nr

28. The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricate. • The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject is suspected will produce distortion of the fact rather than the truth. • The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to permit admissibility of the expert testimony. www.kertpillora.co.nr

29. Physiological & Psychological Symptoms of GUILT www.kertpillora.co.nr

30. SWEATING- sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate anger, embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a palled face may indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate tension. COLOR CHANGE – if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger, embarrassment or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt. DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH – nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of salivary secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing and licking of the lips. www.kertpillora.co.nr

31. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple - on account of the dryness of the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from the mouth and this causes the frequent upward and downward movement of the Adam’s apple. • Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension. www.kertpillora.co.nr

32. Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a sensation of lightness of the head and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience. • Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion – usually a guilty subject frequently utters such expression. “I swear to God I am telling the truth” or “ I hope my mother drops dead if I am lying”, “I swear to Go”…etc. Such expressions are make to make forceful and convincing his assertion of innocence. www.kertpillora.co.nr

33. Spotless past record - “Religious man” – the subject may assert that it is not possible for him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless record. • Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye” – the subject does not like to look at the investigator for fear that his guilt may seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or ceiling. www.kertpillora.co.nr

34. “Not that I remember” expression – the subject will resort to the use of “Not that I Remember” expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing something prejudicial to him. www.kertpillora.co.nr

35. Classification of Lies

36. Bald-Faced lie • A bald-faced ( or barefaced) lie is a lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned that is it a lie. • Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and denies that he has eaten the last piece of chocolate cake, is a bald-face liar. www.kertpillora.co.nr

37. Lying by Omission • One lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another person with a misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct pre-existing misconceptions. www.kertpillora.co.nr

38. Lie-to-children • A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude that may use euphemism, that is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children. A common example is “ The stork brought you”. www.kertpillora.co.nr

39. White Lie • A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both. • White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you think that their new outfit looks good when you actually think that it is a horrible excuse for an outfit. • The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth. www.kertpillora.co.nr

40. NOBLE LIE • A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially gives some benefit to others also. • It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. • A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power. www.kertpillora.co.nr

41. EMERGENCY LIE • An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third party would come of it. • Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband. www.kertpillora.co.nr

42. PERJURY • It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on an material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. • Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court, witness testimony must be relied on an being truthful. www.kertpillora.co.nr

43. BLUFFING Pretending to have capability or intention one doesn’t. Bluffing is an act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. www.kertpillora.co.nr

44. MISLEADING A misleading statement is one where there isn’t an outright lie, but still has the purpose of making someone believe in an untruth. www.kertpillora.co.nr

45. DISSEMBLING • A polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely misleading. • It is merely considered to be a euphemism for lying. www.kertpillora.co.nr

46. EXAGGERATION • An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a statement is true, but the degree to which it is true is not correct. www.kertpillora.co.nr

47. JOCOSE LIE • Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties. • Sarcasm can be an example. • Storytelling traditions that are present in some places, where the humor comes form the storyteller’s insistence that he or she is telling that absolute truth despite all evidence to the contrary. www.kertpillora.co.nr

48. PROMOTION LIES • Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible, such as “we are always happy to give a refund.” www.kertpillora.co.nr

49. BELIEF SYSTEMS • It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to be justified. • Example: Religious lies www.kertpillora.co.nr

50. Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lies • Lies in religious teaching. • Lies that harm others and help no one. • Lies that harm others and help someone. • Lies told for the pleasure of lying • Lies told “please others in smooth discourse”. • Lies that harm no one and that help someone. • Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s life. • Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s purity. www.kertpillora.co.nr