Definition of Concept and Terms

1. Definition of Concept and Terms

2. Definition of Concept and Terms • Ensuring that all respondents have the same understanding of what is to be reported, so that the researcher is sure that the same definition have been used across all respondent

3. Definition of Concept and Terms Two approaches to ensuring consistent understanding terms. • Provide complete definitions to all respondents • Ask respondent to Provide all information needed in order for the researcher to properly classify events

4. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 1: In the past week, how many days did you any butter? Problem: two potential of ambiguities • Term butter (butter migraine ) • Past week (seven days proceeding DoI or the most recent period stretching from (monody through Sunday)

5. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 1: In the past week, how many days did you any butter? Solution In the past seven days, not counting any margarine you may have eaten, how many days did you any butter?

6. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 2: How many times have you been hospitalized in the past year? Problem: two problem • Hospitalized (complex term) • Past year (ambiguity)

7. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 2: How many times have you been hospitalized in the past year? Solution In the past twelve months, how many different times have you been admitted to a hospital as a patient overnight or longer?

8. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 3: What is you income? Problem: • Income (complex definition)

9. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 3: What is you income? Solution Homework?

10. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 4: In the past year, how many times have you seen or talked with medical doctor or a physician’s assistant about your health? Problem Definition of medical care or count the event is a complicated definition Past year (ambiguity)

11. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 4: In the past year, how many times have you seen or talked with medical doctor or a physician’s assistant about your health? Solution a. Other than the visits to doctors, that you just mentioned, how many times in the past 12 months have you gotten medical advice from physician over the telephone ? b. Other than what you’ve already mentioned , how many times in the past 12 months have you gotten medical services from psychiatrist?

12. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 4: What kind of health insurance plan you have :a staff model health maintenance organization, an IPA, PPO, or unrestricted fee-for-services health plan Problem: Ridiculous question (most people can not distinguish among these health insurances

13. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 4: What kind of health insurance plan you have :a staff model health maintenance organization, an IPA, PPO, or unrestricted fee-for-services health plan Solution: • In your health plan, can you initially go to any doctor you want, or can you only go to certain doctors or places for your health care? • (If from a specific list or group)Do the physicians you see only see people who are part of your plan, or do they see other kind of patients too?

14. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 4: What kind of health insurance plan you have :a staff model health maintenance organization, an IPA, PPO, or unrestricted fee-for-services health plan Solution: c. When you receive medical services under your plan, do you yourself always pay the same amount , no matter that the service, or does the amount you pay depend upon the service you receive ?

15. Definition of Concept and Terms Comment : Answering these question may not enable the researchers to make all the distinctions that they would . However, people are more likely to answer these or some of these questions accurately than to learn the definition of IPA and other definitions.

16. Definition of Concept and Terms Using multiple questions to cover all aspects of what is to be reported rather than trying to pack everything into a single definition Pluses • Make question clearer • Reporting task is simpler and more reasonable • Produce several measures • Improve respondent recall Minus 1. More time in interview

17. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 5: In the past 12 months, were you the victim of a burglary? In the past 12 months, were you the victim of a robbery? Problem: Complex, technical definition

18. Definition of Concept and Terms Example 5: Burglary :is the crime of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony. From someone by force or threat of force Solution Ask the respondent to describe the relevant details of the event then code those event into the proper criminal categories Ask series of short, specific question

19. Knowing and Remembering Respondents should have the information needed to answer the question

20. Knowing and Remembering • The respondent may not have the information needed to answer the question • The respondent may once have known the information but have difficulty recalling it • Difficult in accurately placing them in the time frame

21. Do Respondent Know the Answer • Example Many surveys ask a specific member of a household to report information about other household members (critical issue is whether or not the information required is usually known to other household)

22. Do Respondent Know the Answer • Respondent have experience or information related to a question but do not have the information in the for that researcher wants it • Example It has shown that there is a lack of correspondence between what conditions patients say they have and what conditions are recorded in medical records

23. Do Respondent Know the Answer • Examples The patients thinks he has high blood pressure but says he does not have hypertension The patients knows he has growth but did not know the technical name was tumor Ask the respondent about the total cost of the medical services Any people do not know the medical specialty of the physician

24. Do Respondent Know the Answer Before designing a survey instrument is to find out weather or not the survey includes questions to which some respondents do not know the answer

25. Stimulating Recall • Principles to retrieved information • The more recent the event, the more likely it is to be recalled • The greater the impact ,the more likely it to be recall • The more consistent an event was with the respondent thinks about things, the more likely it is to be recalled

26. Stimulating Recall • Principles to retrieved information • The more recent the event, the more likely it is to be recalled (Don’t ask about very small event that had minimal impact) For example : Reporting about soft drink, it is found even 24-hour recall can produce some error, when people asked to report their consumption over a week, they resort to giving estimate of their average rather than trying to remember)

27. Stimulating Recall There is a trade-off between accuracy of reporting and the length of the time (There was such drop-off in the accuracy of reporting of the events that occurred more than 6 months) The National Health Interview Survey reports the number of visits to doctor and number of days people lose from work based on reporting for only 2 weeks)

28. Stimulating Recall • Strategies to improve recall • Ask long question(longer questions give respondents time to search their memories • Asking multiple questions • Stimulating association

29. Stimulating Recall • Asking close to the same question more than once is a way of inducing the respondent to try again • Additional question to focus on the kind of events that are particularly to be forgotten (Example: one-day stay in the hospital are underreported

30. Stimulating Recall • Additional question to focus on the possible consequences. (Example: if one has been a victim of a crime, it likely that the police were called)

31. Stimulating Recall • These strategies were used to solve underreported as well as overreported. (Example: Vote in election) Ask different questions such as where did you vote? , or he have to get off the work to vote?

32. Placing Events in Time • Many problem with survey data are difficulties in placing event properly in time frame designated by the researchers. • Example • Have you been in the hospital recently? • How many times were you in the hospital in exactly the last 12 months?

33. Approaches to improve how well the respondent place event in time • Stimulate recall activities ( show respondent a calendar with reference period outlined) (ask people to do some associating to improve their perception of the dates or times of the year Example: ask about what they were wearing?) • Problem is time consuming in an interview

34. Approaches to improve how well the respondent place event in time • Design data collection procedures that generate boundaries for reporting period Example : Conducting two or more interview during the initial interview, respondent are told that they are going to asked about the events and situations that happen during the period prior to the next event

35. The Form of the Answer Many questions specify a form the answers are supposed to take

36. The Form of the Answer • Example: In the past 30 days, were you able to climb a stairs with no difficulty, some difficulty, or were you not able to climb stairs at all? Problem: impose assumption of stability

37. The Form of the Answer • Example: On days when you drink any soft drink, how many drinks do you usually have? Problem: impose assumption of regularity on respondent

38. The Form of the Answer • Example: How many miles are you from the nearest hospital? Problem: Not knowing the answer

39. Questions ?